m '}t'»'.'i'i;:'-i('_-'i','-!, r ■)'•'■'" • ',.:;'..■■'-• : ■ *, / 1 , i ^ ■' .If':' . ' ; JOURNAL OF THE F.M.S. MUSEUMS. i\ 0 T I (J E . This Juurual tiikos the phuri; of the " Perak Museum Notes"; •' the first number of which was issued in 1893. Uii^<> Chonic Kliav, nf the Bldiidiu Mine, Suui;'<-d The method of preparing the drug for use is as follows: The branches of the plant are collected in the jungles around Kuala Lumpur and brought in. It at first fetched M- per pikul ( 133! lbs. ) in the grceu stale, but the price subsequently fell to .'^2. About 120 pikuls ( 7 tous 3 cwts. ) have been used during the three weeks iluit the society has been in operation. On arrival it is coarsely chopped up — twigs, leaves and all — into pieces about an inch to an inch and a half in length. This is done cither with an axe or a Chinese chopping knife on a block of wood or by means of a pair of large shears, such as are used by Chinese apothecaries, resembling the instrument employed to cut cardboard. That is, there is a steel straight-edge fixed hori- zontally to a block of wood and a movable knife-blade, pivoted at one end and furnished with a handle at its free extremity, by which it can be brought dcnvn scissor-wise against the fixed blade. The chopped stuff is allowed to dry for three or more days and is then put on large circulai- bamboo trays of about 2o feet in diameter, and by the same winnowing action as is applied to padi after husking the woody portions are separated from the leaves. The latter being light are thrown off the tray, and the stalks by reason of their greater weight remain on it. The two qualities into which it is thus divided are put into separate sacks or baskets. The next process is roasting. This is done on a large plate of sheet iron, set in brickwork, over a charcoal fire. The iron measures about 9 feet by 3 feet and has a low brick wall of about 1 foot in height around three sides of it. The remaining side, a short one, being left open to enable the roasted leaf to be easily scraped off into baskets at the completion of the operation. The object of separating the material is that the leaves are not roasted quite so much as the sticks, though in both cases the process is carried so far that a very consider- able proportion of the whole is reduced to charcoal. According to the latest practice the roasting is not pushed quite as far as formei'ly. While roasting, the charge is kept in motion by two men armed with wooden hoe-like implements. When sufficiently roasted the drug is removed fi-om the roasting furnace and the two portions, the leaf and the stick, are mixed together again. The infusion is prepared by taking from 6 to 8 tahil of the roasted drug and pvitting it into a kerosene oil tin filled with water. That is, 8 to lOf ozs. avoirdupois to nearly 4 gallons of watei-. The tins are set in a double row on four square-sectioned parallel, horizontal iron bars supported on brickwork at about 9 inches from the floor level and are heated by charcoal fires kindled beneath the suj^porting bars on a grate composed of closely placed round iron rods. The tins are kept boiling for about three hours, being covered during that time by loose-fitting squares of tin-plate. The liquid is then poured through a fine rattan sieve, having meshes of about one-eighth of an inch square, into large wooden barrels. The sieve retains all the grosser portions of the spent drug, which is then thrown away. The infusion is next ladled up, by means of bucket-shaped ladles made of tin-plate and tixt^-d ou lo the eud ol Kmg wuodcu haudlt's, ;iud is tlieu straiucd through a piece of white cloth iuto other ItarreLs. This completes the process, and the infusion is bottled by dippiug it out with the before nieutioued ladles and pouring it through a fin funnel into square gin or other bottles which are brought by the patients. It is a brown, ratlier turbid, tea-like fluid as thus prepared. A complete series of specimens, illustrating the preparation of the drug, have been collected and pr.'pared foi* exhibition in the Peralc Museum. This decoction is prescribed as follows : Whatever the amount of opium a man habitually smokes, that amount is to be mixed with the infusion. It may be mentioned here that the average opium smoker takes from 2 to 3 chi (llOj gniins to 175 grains) of chaudu per diem. This quantity is often exceeded and in one case H tahil (875 grains.) is stated to be the daily allowance of a particular smoker. Cliandu, which is the opium as prepared by the Chinese for the use of smokers, is less potent that the official B. P Extract of Opium. In the act of smoking a considei'ablo quantity of the alkaloids contained in the chandu is certainly destroyed and only a mere fraction is absorbed into tlic system of the smoker. To proceed, if, for instance, a man has l^een in the habit of smoking 2 chi of chandu per day, then two reputed quart bottles (a) and (b) of the infusion are taken, and into one (a) is p\it 2 chi of burnt chandu, roasted on an iron skewer-like instrument in the same way as it would be if being jirepared for smoking. Then a Chinese tea-cup is half filled from bottle (a) and taken by the patient, and half a tea-cup from bottle (?>),the one which does not contain any opium, is put into («). This is repeated each time a dose is taken, so that the liquid in (a), while maintaining its bulk, continually decreases in its opium contents, until l)ottle (b) is exhausted. The dose is to l^e taken as many times a day as the patient has Ijeen in the habit of smoking, usually three or four times, until the two bottles are finished ; when the man should, it is stated, be cured of all wish to smoke. If this is not the case, then the treat- ment is tl grains 2 ... 6.830 1 ... 3 ... 6.419 „ 20.540 grains i - tiot " ••• f 3.690 grains 5 ... 5.633 „ ... l 2 ... 6 ... 5.209 „ 16.850 ., { 7 ... 4.950 „ ... /oqOfi 8 ... 4.641 „ ... (^-^^^ " 3 ... 9 ... 4.351 „ 13.942 „ 10 ... 4.079 11 ... 3.824 12 ... 3.585 „ 11.488 13 ... 3.361 ,, 14 ... 3.151 15 ... 2.954 „ 9 466 16 ... 2.769 17 ... 2.596 18 ... 2.596 „ 7.961 19 ... 2.596 20 ... 2.596 21 ... 2.596 „ 7.778 2.022 0.183 This last sti-ength would continue till the two bottles were exhausted on the lltli day, when the whole of the 2 chi, equal to 116.666 grains would have been taken. In the above computation, figures beyond the third place of decimals were discarded, so that it is only approximately correct. If anyone takes the trouble to check it, it will be found that only 116.604 grains of opium are accounted for. As the infusion contains no preservative, it is very subject to fermentative and other changes, so that it often becomes putrescent and has to be thrown away before the end of a course. A fresh supply then has to be ol)taiued. This is stated to be of frequent occurrence, consequently only a portion of each supply is taken by the patient in many cases. About 130 gallons of infusion are being made and distributed to the Chinese per day and the niimber of patients being treated is now (24th Nov.) from 260 to 270. The society began work on the 3rd November and from that date to the 23rd November 6,130 people applied for and were given the infusion. This is equal to a daily average of 292 patients. Accurate records appear to have been kept by the society, and there would seem to be no reason to doubt the correctness of these figures. The whole woi-k is most methodically carried out. Each applicant receives a printed slip of paper containing the directions in Chinese as to the use of the drug and a wooden check, at the office ; the latter he presents at the factory and receives in exchange two 6 bottles of the iufusiou. The chocks are subsequently returued to the oflSce and are used in preparing the records. From the IGtli to the 23rd of November about 396 patients had Imported that they were ctmipletely cured of the habit. Previous to the former date uo records on the subject were kept. Many patients natiu'ally do not trouble to return and make a report. Besides the Weld Road Establishment of the Selangor Auti-opium Society in Kuala Lumpiu-, to which the above figures alone relate, branches of the society have been opened at Kepong, Kawang, Serendah, Suugei Besi and Kajang. It is also being prejtared and distributed at the Methodist Episcopal Mission Hall in Sultan Street, Kuala Lumpiu", and at an independent place in Kuala Kubu. In Peuaug, Sereinbau, Malacca and Singapore it is in use. The drug is sent fi-om Seremban to Malacca and from Kuala Lumpur to Penang and Singapore. The Rev. W. E. Horlev writes, under date the 6th December, that " alx)Ut 8,000 people have applied for the medicine at our Mission Hall" in Sultan Street, Kuala Lumpur; and "over 7,000" in Ipoh, Perak, " within the last few weeks." The official opium returns for the State of Selangor show a very considerable reduction during the months of November and December. The figures for the period from June to December are as follows : Muuth. June July August Septemljer October Noveml>er Decern Ijer Taking the average of the five first months, as a standard, the consumption during Novemlxr shows a decrease of 38 chests and the revenue collected during the same period a decrease of $21,449. The figures for Decem1x?r show a decrease of 22 chests, which is 16 chests more than the November total. This increase is probably due to a return of a certain number of the patients to their opium pipes. It is assumed by those interested in the matter that this large falling off is directlv due to the effects of the anti-opium drug which Chests of Total duty and opium. handling charges. 141.00 ... 879,365.00 153.00 ... 86,090.00 146.00 ... 82,155.00 136.00 ... 76,382.50 145.00 ... 81,590.00 106.00 ... 59,667.50 122.03 ... 68,840.50 949.03 ... 534,090.50 has beeu distributed. It is undoubtedly difficult to put forward any other cause which would satisfactorily account for such an extensive decline ; for there has been no change to speak of in the mining industry, the price of tin has beeu well maintained, there has not been any labour trouble and no exodus of Chinese from the State. It api^ears, therefore, that the cause is attributable to there being less opium smoked, not of necessity, but from choice. The details above given appear to go far towards pi'oving that there is some efficacy in the treatment, and further, that it is not merely the substitution of one drug habit for another. Whether the active ingredient is the anti-opium plant or the burnt opium adminis- tered internally in gradually decreasing doses, is a subject worthy of investigation. The latter is possibly the true cause and the anti-opium plant may only act as an astringent, preventing the distressing intes- tinal troubles which usually supervene on a stoppage of a customary supply of opium. The amount and nature of the alkaloids present in burnt opium is also a promising field of enquii*y. The charred state of the anti-opium drug, which was in use up to quite recently, suggests that any alkaloidal principle which it might possess had been destroyed in the process of roasting, or rather charring, to which it had been subjected. Should the above suimise prove correct, it is possible that gambler or some other astringent might, with advantage, be substitu- ted for the anti-opium plant. The favourable results so far attained appear to warrant the experi- mental trial of the treatment on the opium smokers who, from time to time, find their way into the various lock-ups and prisons of the Federated Malay States. These wretched people, as all those who have either seen or heard them must be aware, suffer very severely during the first few days of their incarceration from the compulsory cessation of the supply of opium. It might be argued that pity was thrown away on them, but it shoidd be remembered that the innocent suffer as well as the wrong-doers ; for it is by no means everyone who is detained in custody who is either guilty or is subsequently convicted of the charge brought a^'ainst him. Besides these humane considera- tions, it w^ould be a most favourable opportunity of testing the efficacy of the treatment under circumstances where the results could be watched and recorded. The writer wishes to gratefullv acknowledge the kind assistance which was given to him by Mr. H. C. Eidges, Protector of Chinese, Selangor ; the Eev. W. E. Horley, of the Methodist Episcopal Mission; Mr. Choo Cheng Khay ; and the representatives of the Selangor Anti-opium Society at Weld Road, by furnishing information, supplying sj^ecimens and affording opportunities for personally investigating the ])rocess of the preparation and distribution of the drug. 8 A VISIT TO THE AROA ISLANDS, WITH A LIST OF THE BIRDS FOUND THERE. By HERBERT C. ROBINSON, m.b.o.u., c.m.z.s. n'^HE Ai'oa Islauds, as they are called on the British Admiralty charts, though the name is uot known to the local Malays, are a small group of islets in the Straits of Malacca some twenty-five miles to the oast of the Sumatrau Coast, south of Asaluiu and aliout the same distance due west of One Fathom Bank, the well-known light- house on the fairway for large shipping between Penang and Singapore. The majority of the islands arc of metamorphic formation, sand- stones, shales and schists, thougli there is reason to believe that the southernmost islet, Pulau Tokong, which rises abrviptly from the sea and on which I Avas unable to land owing to heavy sui'f, is of granite. The elevation of no one of the group exceeds eighty feet and most of them are much less than that, some of them being mere half- tide rocks. Navigation in the Archipelago is difficult even for small launches, owing to the very strong tides and to the large quantity of mud from the Sungei Rokan estuary hiding the position of sunken rocks, which are numerous. There are onlv two anchorages which are at all safe : one to the nortli of Pulau Jemor in four to six fathoms of water, which can he used in the south-east monsoon ; and another in deeper water to the west of the same island, which is safer during the north- east monsoon, though in both the holding ground is somewhat iowl. Pulau Jemor, or Long Aroa, is the only island we visited and is the only one which has permanent water, though this is uncertain in quantity and indifferent in quality. In shape, the island is long and narrow about half a mile in length by a quarter in maximum breadth, and contains perhaps a hundred acres. Near the centre it is cleft, almost to sea level, by a narrow gully, which connects two sandy Ijeaches on which large numbers of turtles deposit their eggs. The privilege of collecting tuz-tle eggs on this and other islauds of the group is farmed to Malays by the Sultan of Siak for the annual sum of 8400 and 12,000 eggs, and two or three tumble-down huts in the gully are more or less regularly inhabited by men on the look-out for the eggs which are laid, fairly uniformly throughout the year. Othensise the group is ar.se bracken- like fern (Gleichemalinearis). The sea-shore trees are the usual Calojjhyllum, overgrown with orchids, ferns (Davalia, s|>.) and two or three species of Myrmecophilous plants. The largest tree on the island was a specimen of Ptcrocarpus indic^is, and there were also several fine mango trees. Turning to animal life, the only mammal is a large rat, which was very abundant and which, in the present days of minute dilferentiation, will probably be honoured with a new specific name. Neither squirrels nor tree-slu-ews occur. Lizards of three species — viz., a gecko, a skink ( Mahuia mnltifas- ciata) and a monitor (Varanus salvator) — were common; the latter feeding on the small crabs, which scurried in millions over the smooth sand near the water's edge. A toad was also noticed in a small swamp, though specimens were unfortunately not brought home. During my first visit in August, with the exception of sea and shore birds, very few varieties were noted ; but during our second stay in November, the island was frequented by many species on migration, and as little or nothing is known of migration routes in Southern Asia, I have thought it worth while to give a complete list of the species observed or obtained. Insects were scarce ; no butterflies were seen, and only a few moths, principally Cramhidae and Tineidae. Two or three dragon flies, belonging to wide-spread mainland forms, were observed and several species of grasshoppers including a large species of Acridiuvi. LIST OF BIRDS. * 1. PTILINOPUS JAMBU-'ilUl PINK-IIEADED FRUIT DOVE. Ptilinopus jambu (Grm.); Salvad., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi., p. 80 (1893). Leucotreron jambu (Gm.); Sharpe, Hand-list of Birds, i., p. 56 (1899). . A single male was seen and shot during our first visit in August, but fell into the sea and could not be retrieved. This fruit pigeon, though formerly common in the old Malacca collections, is now decidedly rare and local in most parts of the Peninsula with which I am acquainted. It is found at all elevations up to about 4,000 feet, but appears to frequent by preference the vicinity of the coastal belt of mangroves. In such situations, I have, on one or two occasions, seen it in considerable numbers, notably at the mouth of the Linggi Eiver on the borders of Negri Sembilan and the terri- tory of Malacca in December, 1904. 10 C. AMirJiORyiii PnAKXICUKA-'rHK WHITK-BRKASTED AVATEH HEN. Amauroruis ))haeuicura (Forst.); Shatye, Cat. Birds, xxiii., p. 15(5 (1804) : (■(/.. Hand-list of Birds. I, p. lOG (1899). A siuyfle adult was shot iu a small swamp. Very common iu suit- able localities at all seasons of tlio year throughout the Malay Peninsula. 3. STERXA DOUGALLI-rilE ROSEATE TERN. Sterna dougalli (Mont.); Hoivard Saunders, Cat. Birds, xxv., p. 70 (1896) ; Sharpe, Hand-list, l, p. 135 (1899). Probably nesting on some of the smaller islands of the group. Three specimens in full breeding plumage were shot in August, when the species was very abundant, though not a single tern of any kind was seen in November. 4. STEIiXA AyAESTIIETA-niE I'ANAYAN TERN. Sterna auaestheta (Scop.); Howard Saunders, t.c, p. 101 ; Sharpe,. t.c, p. 136. One specimen. Fairly abundant iu August, but not so common as the KoseateTern 5. NUMEXIUS VARIEGATUS-THE EASTERN WHIAIBHEL. Numenius variegatus (Scop.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, xxiv., p. 361 (1896) : id., Hand-list, i.. p. 158 (1899). A single female was shot on 13th November. Along the mud-flats and estuaries of the Selaugor coast both wliimbrels and curlews are enormously abundant during the winter mouths, the former occurring in flocks of several hundred individuals, while, on the other hand, it is rare to see more than forty or fifty curlews together. «. TRiyoOIDES llll'OLEi'CU.S-TliE COMMON SANDPIPER. Tiingoides hypoleucus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, xxiv., p. 456 (1896) ; id.. Hand-list, l, p. 161 (1899). A single female. Common on river banks and the sea-shore during the winter months. • 7. AEDEA SUMATRAXA-'SRE DUSKY-GREY HERON. Ardea sumatraua CKaffles) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, xxvi., p. 68 (1898) ; id.. Hand-list, i., p. 194 (1899;. A hingle specimen was seen, but not secured. Elsewhere in the Peninsula it is vei-y abundant among the mangroves edging the tidal rivers, and is occasionally met with along open stretches of sandy beach. In the former situations it is remarkably fearless and can be ap- proached within very few yards. 11 8. DEMJEGRETTA S.ICHAHUV REEF HERON. Demiegretta sacra (Gin.); Shariie, i.e., p. 136; uL, Uaiid-li-^f, t., p. 198. Very coiumou. All the specimens shot or seen were in tlie yrey phase and those obtained in August were in nuptial pluniaye. !i. GOBSACIIIUli 3[ELAN0L01>lIUS-rm& MALAY BITTERX, Gorsachius melanolophus (Raffles) ; Sharjje, t.c, p. 16G ; id., Hand- list, l, p. 199. A single immature specimen was shot among high bracken at dusk. Owing to its skulking and nocturnal habits, this species is rarely obtained and is not represented in the Singapore or Perak Museums or until recently in the Selangor Museum, Avhich, however, has just receiv- ed a fine adult from Kuala Selangor. I doubt if it is really by any means rare and in past years numerous specimens seem to have been obtained in the vicinity of Malacca. 10. NYCTICORAX XYCTICORAX-'n\^ NIGHT HERON. Nycticorax nycticorax (Linn.) ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 146; id.. Hand-lid, i., p. 198. One immature bird was obtained. 11. BUTORIDES .JAVAMCA-'mV. LITTLE GREEN HERON. Butorides javanica (Horsf.) ; Sharjje, t.c, p. 177 ; id., Hand-lid, i., p. 199. Several specimens are in the collection. Very common throughout the coastal districts, especially among the mangroves. 12. DUPETOR FLAVJCOLLIS-THE BLACK BITTERN. Dupetor flavicoUis (Lath.); Sharjje, t.c, p. 247; id., Hand-list, i., p. 203. An adult and an imniatui'e bird were secured, also from among high bracken. Somewhat uncommon in the Peninsula. 1.3. SULA SVLA-TUE BROWN GANNET. Sula stila (Linn.) ; Oyilvie- Grant, Gat. Birds, xxvi., p. 436 ; Sharjje, Hand-list, i., p. 236. Very large numbers of this gannet roosted on a small rock known as Pulau Tokong, rising vertically from the sea to a height of forty or 12 fifty foot, some miles south-east of Pulau Jemor. where our main colleotious were formeil. The entire colony, cousistini; of some hun- dreds, appeared to bo adult birds. In tho immediate noit,'hbourhood of the coasts of the Malay Penin- sula gannets are very rarely seen. An adult bird in the Selangor Miiseum was caiight bv ilying under the thwarts of a boat at Pulau Jarak. in the centre of the Straits of Malacca, about a hundred and thirty miles south of Penang. Ml. FREGATA AQUILA-TliE LARGER FRIGATE BIRD. Fregata aquila (Linn.); Ogilvie-Grant, i.e., p. 443; Sharpe, i.e., p. 237. Immense flocks of frigate birds were met with round the islands, but none could be obtained. They are not often seen in the southern half of the Straits of Malacca, except during the prevalence of strong winds, and I have only noted them once o\\ the east coast of the Peninsula, near Senggora in December, 1901, during a strong gale from the north-east. 15. ACCIPITER VIIiGATUS-THE BESRA SPARROW HAWK, Accipiter virgatus (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, i., p. 150 (1874) ; id.. Hand-lid of Birds, i., p. 253 (1899). A constant stream of these small sparrow hawks, nearly all imma- ture birds and evidently on migration, was passing over the islands during our visit in November and over thirty were shot. They were obviously half starving and showed extraordinary boldness in chasing and striking down birds much larger than themselves, several being captured in the act. They were observed feeding on Pitta cyauoptera, Coccystes coromandus, Surniculus lugubris, Dicrurus annectens and Hierrococcyx fugax ; the mimetic resemblance, the latter bird is said to possess, is thus evidently no protection against the actual model. With the possible exception of the Brahminy Kite and the White- liellied Sea Eagle, this is the commonest bird of prey in the Malay Peninsula and is found everywhere from the top of the highest moun- tains to sea level, and in the densest jungle as well as on open grass plains. Ifi. l-'ALCO I'EREGIilXUfl-'THE PEREGRIXE I'ALCON. Falco i>eregrinus (Tunst.) ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 374 ; id.. Hand-list, i., p. 273 (1899). Two males and a female were shot, but the two fonner fell into a tide-rip and could u.it be recovered. The specimen secured is not very dark and cannot be refeiTed to the Soudaic and Papuan race, Falco erfusli (Sharjx*, Ibis, 1894, p. 548). 13 17. I'EUXIS I'TILOXORHrNCHUS-THli (JRESTKU HONEY-BUZZAlll). Peruis ptilonorhyuclius (Ternm) ; Shai-jje, i.e., p. 347 ; id., Hand- Ust, l, p. 271 (1899). A single immature female. »18. IIALIAETllS LEUCOGASTUR-TRE WHITE-BELLIED SEA EAGLE. Haliaetus leucogaster (Gm.) ; Sliarpe, t.c, p. 307 ; id., Hand-lid, i., p., 267 (1899). Seen, but not secured. 10. NIXOX SC[/TULATA~-THE HAWK OWL. Ninox scutulata (Raffles) ; Sharjje, Cat. Birds, ii., p. 15G (1875) ; id.. Hand-list, i., p. 290 (1899). One very dark-coloured adult male. One or more pairs of this owl are genei-ally to be found on the small islands in the Straits of Malacca during the winter months, picking up a precarious existence by feeding on the smaller birds that may halt on the islands during migration. ♦20. SCOPS, sp. A very small owl, probably a Sco])s but possibly a species of Glaucidi^im, was observed, but not obtained. 21. CEYX TRIDACTl'LA-TRE THREE-TOED KINGFISHER. Ceyx tridactyla (Pall.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, xvii., p. 174 (1892) ; id., Hand-list, ii., p. -52 (1900). One adult female. A somewhat unexpected find on a tiny island like Pulau Jemor with no running water. 22. HALCYON COROMANDVS-'YR^ RUDDY KINGFISHER, Halcyon coromandus (Lath.) ; Sharps, t.c, p. 217; id.. Hand-list, ii., p. 56 (1900). One adult. 23. HALCYON PILEATUS-TUE BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER. Halcyon pileatus (Bodd.) ; SJiarpe, t.c, p. 229 ; id., Hand-list, ii., p. 57 (1900). Two males and tliree females, all somewhat immature, as is shown by the black edgings to the feathers of the breast. 14 ■>i. ATA'J'.srO.Ur.v CALoyiX—THK :\ll(xl{AT()l{Y llOLLKR. Eiirvstomusciilonvx (IIcxli>-s., M.S.) : Shar/x'. /.c, p. 38, pi. ii., fiii;. 2 ; iil., Hiuuj-li^f, ii., p. 47 (1900). The seven speciineus obtained are all immature birds in moult, but seem to belong to this sub-species. 25. CAPRFMULGUS JOTAKA-THE JUNGLE NIGHTJAR. Caprimulgus jotaka (Temm. & Schleg.) ; Hart., Gat. Birds, xvi., p. 552 (1892) ; S'harpe, Hand-Iht, ii., p. 88 (1900). Common on the island, four specimens having been obtained; on the mainland of the Peninsula it is decidedly rare, and in the low countrv is met with only during the winter months, though it is possilile Ihat it is resident throughout the year on the higher moun- tains. 2i;. COCCYSTES COROMAXDUS-THE RED-WINGED CRESTED CUCKOO. Coecystes coromandus (Linn.) ; Shelley, Cat. Birds, xix., p. 214 (1891) -.'Sharpe, Hand-list, ii., p. 155 (1900). Very common. 27. SURXICULUS LUG UBRIS— THE DROXGO CUCKOO. Surnicidus lugubris (Horsf.) ; Shelley, t.c, p. 227; Sharpe, t.c, p. 156. One specimen brought to ground by a sparrow hawk. 2S. JIIEROCOCCIX FUGAX-JKE MALAY HAWK CUCKOO. Hierococcyx fugax (Horsf.) ; Shelley, t.c, p. 236 ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 157, A series of nine birds, of which three are very adult, as shown by the luiiform deep lead grey of the upper surface. All the specimens agi'ee in having a narrow terminal band of bright rufous to the tail. 2;>. CUCULUS MICROPTERUS-IHE INDIAN CUCKOO. Cucnlus micropterus (Gould.) ; Shelley, t.c, p. 241 ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 158. Four immature and one adult specimen. :j.i. CUCULUS IXTERMEDIUS-THE HIMALAYAN CUCKOO. Cucidus intermedius (Vahl.) ; Shelley, t.c, p. 252. Cuculus saturatus (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 158. A single adult male. .■}!. EUDlXAXrS IIOXORATA-THE KOEL. Eudynanis honorata (Linn.); Shelley, t.c, p. 316; Sharpe, t.c, p. 164. ' Extraordinarily abundant on most of the small islands of the Straits of Malacca from October to April. 15 .•52, PITTA CVANOPTERA- -THE LESSER BLUE-WINGED PITTA. Pitta cyanoptera (Tomm.) ; Sclater, Cat. Birdu, xiv., p. 420 (1888) ; Sharpe, Hand-list, iii., p. 180 (1901). Very numerous ; also common in the winter months on Pulau Jarak and the Sembilan Islands, together with the succeeding species. 3.3, PITTA CUCULLATA—TH'E HOODED PITTA. Pitta cucullata (Hartl.) ; Sclater, t.c, p. 442 ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 184. Not quite so common as the preceding, but very abundant. 34. LARVIVORA CrAXFA—TRE SIBERIAN BLUE CHAT, Larvivora cyanea (Pall.) ; Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, i., p, 181 (1889) ; Robinson, Journ., F.M.S. Mus., i., p. 28 (1905). A single immature male, in plumage precisely resembling the adult female, was obtained on 14th November, and an adult male was also shot on the same day, but at such close quarters that it was found im- possible to make a skin of it. Between November and April the species is not uncommon in the mountains of Selangor and Negri Sembilan, at altitudes varying from 2,000 feet to 4,000 feet, bvit, so far as my experience goes, it is never met with in the low country. It has not hitherto been recorded from Sumatra, 35. LOCUSTELLA LAXCBOLATA—TRE STREAKED GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Locustella lanceolata (Temm.) ; Oates, Farm. Brit. Ind. Birds, i., p. 353 (1889) • Sharpe, Hand-list, iv., p. 186 (1903). Three specimens of this warbler, which is called by the natives hurong Ulcus or rat bird, were collected among long grass and bracken, being very shy and secretive in their habits. Two of these have the tail coverts uniform, while the third has them thickly streaked with blackish-brown, the streaks on the flanks being also much more pro- nounced. Of a pair collected on the coast of Selangor, the male has the under coverts streaked, while those of the female are uniform, so that the difference is possibly sexual. The species has not apparently been recorded either from the Malay Peninsula or Sumatra, though it is probably common in both countries in suitable localities during the winter months. 36. TURD us OBSCUEUS-TUE DARK OUZEL. Turdus obscurus (Gm.) ; Sharpe, Hand-list, iv., p. 140 (1903). Merula obscura (Gm.) ; Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, ii., p. 134 (1890). Numerous individuals were seen on the day of our departure, after a somewhat stormy night, and a single specimen secured. The species wa.s verv connnou on Puluu Jarak iu Deceiulit-r. b'U4. ami occurs al)uu- Jaiitlv on the mouutiiius of the Peuiusula thvovi^'hout the ^vinter mouths, but ap|-ears to make only a very brief stay iu the lowlands ou arrival and departure. ST. lIEMICnELIDOX FERRUGTXEA-TnV. FERUGINOUS FLYCATCHER. Hemichelidou ferru«,'iuea (Hodi^'s.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, iv., p. 122 (1879); Oaies, Faini. Brit. Ind. Binh, ii., p. C (1890); Sharpe, Hand-Iii'l. iii.. p. 20-i (1903). A single female. Very common on the high mountains of the Peninsula, being pro- bablv resident thi'oughout the vear above 4,900 feet. ;js. ALSEOyAX LATIR0STRJS-1\iE BROWN FLYCATCHER. Alseonax latirostris (Raffles.) ; Sharpe, t.c, iv., p. 127 (1879) ; Oates, Fa\m. Brit. Ind. Birds, ii., p. 35 (1890) ; Sharpe, Hand-list, iii., p. 206 (1903). One male. Common in the low country in the Malay Peninsula throughout the year, but much more abundant in the winter months. :&>. TERPSIPHOXE AFFIXHS-inE BURMESE PARADISE FLYCATCHER. Terpsiphoue afl&nis CHay.) ; Sharpe, t.c, p. 349 ; Oates, t.c, p. 47 ; Sharpe, Hand-list, iii., p. 263 (1903). An adult female, probably belongs to this sj^ecies, though it is extremely difficult to distinguish between females and young males of T. affinis and the closely allied T. incii (Gould). *). DICRUBUS AA'XECTEXS—TRE CRONV-BILLED DROXGO. Dicrurus annectens (Hodgs.) ; Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, i., p. 312 ri889) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, iii., p. 271 (1878) ; Robinson, Journ., F.M.S. Mus., i., p. 28 (1905). Numerous specimens, both adult and young. Very common also on Pulau Jarak in Decemlx;r. 1904, and April, 1906. Widely distri- buted throughout the Malay Peninsula in the winter months up to an altitude of about 3,000 feet, but scarce at other seasons. • 41. CORVLS, sp. A crow, proljably Corvus macrorhynchus, but possibly Corvus enca, the Slender-billed Crow, which I have recently ascertained to be fairly common in the Malav Peninsula, was also observed. 17 '"PHIS appropriately name J cloth if Malays of the Straits and th "KAIN PELANGI." By L. WRAY. is now much in fashion with the the Federated Malay States. It would appear to be of quite modern inti-oduction, thou^jh it has oln'iously ])een developed from the much older tie-and-dye work so extensively employed in India for the decoration of clotli. The earliest examples of it, in the Native States, came under my observa- tion in about the concluding vear of the last centurv. ■■& The Malay name means " rainbow cloth." It, however, dit¥ers very materially from the cloth which was brought out in Europe under this name some few years ago. This had no pattern, but was dyed to represent the colouring of the spectrum, the colours grading one into the other. In the " kain pelangi," on the other hand, there is a regular pattern, but the colours employed are the brightest tints obtainable with aniline dyes of various hues ; hence its name. The cloth is almost iuvarialily silk. In Singapore, the white silk is bought, and comes either from Japan or China. In Tringganu, it is locally woven, especially for this purpose. The work is done entirely by female labour. In Singapore, the women are Boyanese, from the island of Bawean, off the coast of Java ; and in Tringganu, thev are natives of that State. This manufacture is also carried on in Kelantan, and possibly in other localities, but the svibject has oulv been studied by the writer in Singapore and Tringganu. The silk is spread on a short-legged table, haviug a padded top. The pattern is then printed on it, in ovitline, by means of carved wooden stamps. These are cut out of comparatively soft wood and are not so well finished as those used in stamping the " kain telepoh." The design is also only in outline, no broad-printing surfaces being- left. The stamp is pressed on to a pad of wet rag impregnated with red ferruginous earth bought from the Kling shops. This sub- stance is called " khavi," and is the pigment used by the Hindus for making the caste-marks on their foreheads. The stamp having been charged with colour is next rubbed on a stiff brush, which is fastened with its bristles upwards on the tray containing the pig- mented pad. It was a common European boot-brush. The stamp after brushing is applied to the cloth. The stamps are small, contain- ing only a single flower or a portion of a border, and considerable judgment and skill is required to build up the pattern with them. It is all done by eye, no register marks being used as in England when printing patterns by means of wooden blocks. The outline is thu.s formed in rather pale-red lines which wash out in the subsequent process. The stamping of the outline is done by the same people wlio do the dyeing. J)ec,y 1906, 18 TIk' iliitli rnav he single, hut usiuilly several tliiekuesses an.' tacked toijother at their edges aud are done at once, the upper one alone havini:; the outline printed on it. This, of course, saves labour aud time, hut prohahly the result is not quite so good as when a single thifkness is treated at a time. The outlined cloth is given to other wt>nien who prepare it for the dyers. A good deal of the pattern is produced hy stitcliiug the cloth firmly togetlier in puckers, aud larger spaces which are intended not to take the dye are tied \ip ti*ditlv in pieces of the skin of the leafstalk of tlie banana. The workers are, of course, guided l)y the outlined pattern which has been printed on the cloth. When finished, the cloth has a curious crumpled- up appearance ; a piece, sufficiently large to make a sarong, will have contracted to about 8 inches in diameter in the tying process. The tied cloth is then given back to the dyers, who immerse it for a short time in the dye for the ground colour of the piece. Favourite colours for this purpose are yellow, green and red. As previously stated, the pigments used are all aniline ones. After the first applica- tion of the dy.j the cloth is allowed to dry, the tying and stitching is then undone and all the thi-eads are pulled out. It now presents the api>earauce of a coloured cloth with a white pattern on it. It is now ready for the next process. For this, it is stretched on a wooden frame with short legs. It may be mentioned that the Malay women, when working, sit or squat on a raised platform, like tailors, 8o that this frame and the printing table, previously mentioned, are furnished with legs about 9 inches high, to be of a convenient height for working at in that position. The frame is provided with a number of sharp brass pins round its outer edges for the purpose of holding the cloth. Further development of the pattern is now carried out on the stretched cloth by means of different coloured dyes applied with the brushes used by the Chinese for writing with. Most of this embellishment is drawn in free-Jiand on the white spaces left by the last process, but some of it is put on to the ground colour itself. The clotli after this is taken off the frame and is ready for sale. No attempt is made to fix the colours and, as a consequence.', they are fugitive and nm badly when the cloth is washed, or even accidentally damped or wetted. Although both the makers and buyers are well aware of this fact, it does not appear to interfere with either their manufacture or sale. The brilliancy of colouring is the great point in their favour in Asiatic eyes. To the C[uestion of why they did not use their own j>^*rmanent dyes, the makers answered that it would be a great deal more trouble and that the results would not be nearly so beautiful. The idea that the harmonious colouring of the old Eastern art- work was due to the possession of a fine colour sense, is undoubtedly not borne out hy facts. It was simply a matter of necessity, as they 19 could not produce the puror and crudor oolour^f, Now that aniliiio, in all its varied tints, is obtainable, colour effects, whicli to educated European eyes are excruciating, are produced and much admired by Malays, Chinese and Indians of all nationalities. The Japanese alone, amongst Easterns, appear to be able to deal with these brilliant colours with taste and discretion. Besides the above described cloth, a curious mixture of two separate methods of tie-and-dye work is sometimes combined in one a-armeut That is, a piece of cloth is woven with a part of the warp thread treated by the tie and dye method, which is used to produce the so- called "kain limau *," and the remainder of the length is left white. This portion is subsefjuently tied and dyed as above described. If the ground coloui's of the two portions harmonise, the effect is by no means displeasing. There is one sarong in the Perak Museum, which was collected in Tringganu, of this composite cloth ; the ground colours being a rather dull red for the " kain limau " part and a quiet yellow for the " kain pelaugi " division. Another example, said to have been made in Kelantan, had the grounds of two different shades of red. There is another species of cloth, produced in Singapore by the same people, which is also called " kain pelangi," though the technique of its manufacture is quite different. The basis is also white silk, which is sti-etched on the frame already described. The pattern is then drawn on it, in various shades of aniline by means of Chinese writing brushes. No staiups or guides are used, the work being entii-ely done by free-hand drawing, without even a preliminary sketch. In one specimen, in the possession of the writer, the colours employed are violet, red, green and yellow. The patterns are mostly conventionalised floral derivatives. REPORTS ON CORUNDUM FROM PERAK, FEDERATED MALAY STATES. By Professor WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN, m.a., k.r.s., Director, Impb:riai. Institute, South Kexsington., Loxdox, S.W. 130-35. Imperial Institute Road, London, S.W., 27th Septemher, 1904. OIR,— I have the honour to send herewith a report on specimens of corundum from the Federated Malay States received from Mr. L. Wray. The report also refers to other specimens of the same material received from Mr. Cecil Wray and from Mr. Alma Baker. * See " Notes on Dyeing and Weaving as practised at Sitiawan in Pei'ak," by L. Wray* in the " Journal of the Anthropological Institute," vol. 32, Jannary- Jime, 1902. 20 It will bo soon that tin' result of the investigation of the substance, which has Ijeen oorchu'ttil here, rontlor it probable that there may be a reniuuerative eomuiercial demand for this corundum, and I propose, with your approval, to proceed further with the matter on the lines suggested in the report. I would suggest that this report should be shown to Mr. Scrivenor, with a view to his assistance in the further development of the subject being secured since it is possible that deposits of this mineral occur elsewhere in the Federateed crystals are visible to the naked eye, the mineral occurs in compact, finely granular masses made up of microscopic crystals. Most of the pieces are more or less roimded by water action, though .the exact manner in which this was brought about is not apparent. SIO., .15 per cent. Al,03 .. 7.10 CaO .50 „ Mc.0 trace H,0 2 41 21 The mineral is rather harder than sume well-crystallised corundum from Ceylon, which was available for comparison. Its specific gravity varies from 3.75 to 3.90 according to the degree of the compactness of its texture. The higher figure is e.xceeded by few specimens of corun- dum, except ruby and sapphire, which reach 4.06. An analysis in the Scientific and Technical l>epartment of the Imperial Institute gave the following results : Silica ... Alumina Lime ... Magnesia Combined water .. The percentage of alumina is greater than in any sample of corundum which has been analysed, except ruby and sapphire. The amount of water is, however, rather high. Corundum is used mainly for abrasive purposes in the same manner as emery. The finer qualities are also employed in place of gemstones in the movements of clocks and watches. It has been pi'oposed to utilise it as a source of metallic aluminium, but at present other less refractory and cheaper compounds of the metal are preferred. In determining the value of coruule to proceed further with this euquuy, I should be glad to be informed whether these larger consign- ments can be supplied, in which case I shall endeavour to make arrangements with experts to carry out practical trials on the lines indicated above. •27th September, 1904. WYNDHAM E. DUNSTAN. Federal Secretariat. No. H.C. 8875 04. Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S., 8l8t October, 1004. subject : REPORT ON SPECIMENS OF CORUNDUM FROM F.M.S. Sir, — I am directed to forward for vour infonuation, in connection with the shipments of specimens of corundum which have been made, a report by the Director of the Imperial Institute of the United King- dom, the Colonies and India, giving the results of his investigations. 2. I am to ask you to report whether you can supply the larger consignments asked for, with a view to the cairying out of further trials by experts. I have, et A. K. VENNING, LEuyAED Weat, Es(i., Perak. Federal Secretary, F.M.S. 23 BatU GrAJAH, 6th November, 19U4. SiK,— I have the houour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 31st October (H.C. 8875/04) and to inform you that I will collect and send to the Inij^erial Institute the large sample of corundum asked for by Professor W. Duustan. I have, etc., The Federal Secretary, L. WRAY. Kuala Lumpur. Taipino, Perak, 22nd Fehrvary, 1905. My dear Dunstan, — I send you by this post, in two boxes, a sample, weighing 18 lbs., of what apjjears to me to be the best (quality of corundum for the movements of clocks and watches. I shall be much obliged, if, after trial, a sample of the stone, which proves to be suited to the purpose, could be returned to me. Also a few cut " jeAvels." I am also sending, in three boxes, the large sample you ask for. It weighs about 5 cwt. I went to Pulai, in ITinta, on the 1 7th February, and collected the whole sample from refuse heaps on one mine, in quite a short time. I am sure it could be obtained in considerable quantities if there was a demand for it, at a price which would cover cost of collection, bagging and freight to England. I found a few pieces, with small well-formed hexagonal crystals on them, of the same form as that of the sapphire. I also found one large lump, with a portion of the matrix adhering to it. This appears to be a mica-schist. I am, etc., Professor W. Dunstan, f.r.s., L. WRAY, Director. Imperial Institute. IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, THE COLONIES AND INDIA. Imperial Institute Road, London, S.W., 9th October, 1906. Sir, — I have the honour to forward a report on a consignment uf corundum from Perak, which was sent for examination to the Imperial 24 lustituto In the Direetur of Mustuuis at Taipill^^ with letter, dated the 22nd Febniai'v, 1905, iu accordance with the suggestions made in the previous report, dated the 27th September, 1904, on this subject. The investigation has shown that this corundum, although of unusual character, is likely to be of value for abrasive purpose, but, before further action can he taken, it will be necessary to know what fpiautity i.s available and the approximate price at which it can be placed on the market. I shall l>e glad to receive infoi'ination upon those points and, if possible, to be placed iu communication with a tirm willing to woi'k the deposits in Perak. I have, etc., WYNDHAM K. DUNSTAN. H.E. THE High Commissionek. F.M.S., Singapore. SECOND REPORT ON CORUNDUM FROM PERAK, FEDERATED MALAY STATES. By Professor WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN, ji.a., k.k.s., Director Imperial Ix.stitute, South Kensington, London, S.W. In accordance with the recommendations made in the previous report (dated the 27tli September, 1904) on corundum from Perak, further samples of the mineral were forwarded to the Imperial Insti- tute by the Director of Museums, Taipiug, Perak, iu order that the material might be submitted to manufacturers for technical trial. DESCKIPTION OF SAMPLES. The samples consisted of (1) 18 lbs. of selected coiiindum pebbles which were thought to be specially suitable for the preparation of l>earing for the " movements " of clocks or watches, and (2) about •5 cwt. of ordinary corundum. The larger consignment consisted of pieces of corundum of rather irregular size, which had a (pumtity of dust and clayey material a^lhering to the .-iurfaces. The quality of the samples appeared, how- ever, to Ije equal to that of the previous specimen, about 95 per cent. Ijeing genuine corunduui. The smaller sample, supposed to consist of corundum of superior quality, was in smaller pieces, but was practically identical with the main bulk. COMMERCIAL VALUATION. Samples of the two consignments were submitted to a firm of mineral brokers, who reported tliat the small pebliles of corundum would not fetch a higher price than the large consignment. This firm 25 submitted samples tt) three mauufacturers ushig furuiiduiii, all ui' whom expressed the opii]i(m that the mineral would be of no value for abrasive purposes. Two of the firms also stated that th^y did not consider the material to be corundum. On this point, however, they were reassui*ed and informed that the (examination of the material at the Imperial Institute showed that it was an unusually pure corundum, containing 97.1 per cent, of alumina, whilst in hardness it was equal to any other variety of the mineral, except ruby and sapphire. The unusual appearance of the corundum, which probably gave rise to the doubts expressed, is due in part to its gi'auular character and in part to its freedom from decomjiosition by silicitication along certain plashes, which causes a tendency to split into small flat plates. Both these characteristics, they were informed, ought to increase the value of the corundum as an abrasive. The communication of these facts to the firms in question resulted in an offer from one of them to make a thorough test of the mineral. Before going to the trouble and expense of such a trial, the firm desires to know the price at which corundum could be delivered in London. Another firm asked for a quotation for the 5-cwt. sample which was available, and also for quantities up to 1,000 tons per annum : (1) c.i.f. Liverpool, and (2) f.o.b. at port of shipment. The firms wex-e invited to make offers, but this they declined to do. It is now necessary, therefore, that an approximate quotation should be given of the price at which quantities of corundum equal in quality to the sample can be delivered at London, Liverpool and Ne^v York, or placed on board ship at Singapore or other convenient port. Subsequently, a sample of this corundum has been submitted to a firm of merchants with whom the Imperial Institute was in corres- pondence in regard to other minerals. This firm sent a j)ortion to a customer on the Continent, who reported that the mineral is of good quality and would have a value of about ^820 per ton, c.i.f. Hamburg. The Imperial Institute is also in correspondence with a firm in the United States with regard to this coruudiun, and it appears ])robable that a fair market for the material can be found if it can be supplied in large quantities at reasonable rates. It would be an advantage if the Imperial Institute could now be placed in communication with some firm in the Federated Malay States willing to take the matter up, so that their name cuuld Ije given to firms in this country desirous of buying supplies of the mineral. Utli October, 1906. WYNDHAM K. DUNSTAN. 26 KEPOKT OX THE MUSEUM DEPARTMENT FOR THE YEAR 1905. I'ERAK STATE MlSErM. T^^EYOND a few slii?ht improvements, nothing wa« done to the buildinsr itself. These included brick drains round the ethno- logical w"iug and guttering roimd its lautern roof. Guttering was also put round the roof of the porch, while the exterior of tlie whole was painted and colour washed. A small detached skinning shed was built in the grounds to relieve the workshop of the dirtier portions of the work. '2. In all the departments the rearrangement, which was begun in ilX>4. was carried on, and, except in a few instances, the various collections were placed in the order which had previously ])een deter- mined on. A great deal more work, however, remains to be done to complete the details of the installation. 3. Considerable additions were made to most of the sections — by collection, exchange, purchase and donation. The sections to which the greatest increases were made ai"e the ethnological, minera logical and economic. 4. The registration and cataloguing of the collections, which was l>egun in De<.ember of 190-i, was carried on, and by the end of the year the nunil-»er reached was 3,800, equal to about 8.000 cards, inclu cards. This new card catalogue is worked on the same system as that for the other departments, which was mentioned in my last Annual Report, and explained in detail in a paper, entitled " A System for the Registration of the Contents of Museums," contrilnited to the *' Museum Association " and rejninted in the third number of the 'Journal of the Federated Malav States Museums." 6. The number of visitors admitted during the year was 55,103, and, as the Museum was open to the puV>lic on 295 days, this gives a daily average attendance of 188.83. 7. Mr. E. Keilich, the Taxidennist. returned from eighteen months' leave on the 21st of Septemljer, and from then to the end of the year the staff was at its full strength. 8ELANG0K STATE MTSEUM. 8. The new Museum was not finished by the end of the year, but the ca*..-building had progivssed in a satisfactoiy manner and the ■woodwork f-r ^Y'- ^^ i^l ■hs'-s "f the two long exhibition rooms was 27 practically ready for erectiou by December. The amount expemled for case-buildiuLr and fiiruiture was 32,472.66. This included the cost of a safe, the construction of a trap-door and hoisting tackle to enable the furniture, etc., to be raised to the upper floor, a supply of glass-topjjed boxes for storing the skin collection and cabinets to iiold them, as Avell as some almeirahs and office furniture. 9. Collecting was actively carried on throughout the year and many specimens new to the collection and several new to science were obtained. In January and again in Feliruary the high mountains in the neighbourhood of Gunong Batang Kali were visited bv the Curator and his collectors, in May the Gunong Tahan expedition started, and at the end of the year a visit was paid to Linggi in Negri Sembilan. 10. Owing principally to its dilapidated state it was decided to close the old Museum to the public in Septemljer and use the whole of it as a store. Many of the specimens were packed up, as this appeared to l>o the best means of preserving them from deterioration. 11. The number of visitors admitted during the first eight months of the year amounted to 20,930, against 23,219, for the corresponding months of 1904. (lEXEKAL. 12. The most important event of the year was the Gunong Tahan collecting expedition. It started on the 11th of May and returned early in Septeniber. Although the Director of Museums was compelled to return, owing to an attack of dysentery, on the 19th of July, the Curator of the Selangor Museum remained on the mountain and brought the work to a satisfactory conclusion. It is impossible to give any results at the present time. The specimens collected were all sent to the British Museum of Natural History, as previously arranged, and it will naturally be some considerable time before the material can be worked out by the specialists of that Institution. 13. Three numbers of the "Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums'' were issued during the year: containing 108 pages of letterpress, five plates and one plan. L. WRAY, Director of MvMuins, F.M.S. EEPORT ON THE PERAK MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1905. THE BUILDING. T?ARLY in the year the scaffolding and ataps v,^ere removed from the foui" towers, which had been under repair dui-ing the greater part of the previous year. The result from a practical aspect is so far satisfactorv, there being no sign of leakage up to the present. 28 The brirk tirain avDUud the new wiiiix. provided for in the Estimates, was built and completed in February. The Estimates also provided for galvanised iron guttering around the lantern roof of the new wing, along the front verandah, and around the porch, and this was completed in March. In May the whole of the exterior of the building was white-washed and the wood-work painted. n A new skiuniug-shcd was built, in close proximity to the existing work-rooms, for the skinning, etc., of the larger animals and general Avork of a dirty nature. The floors of the laboratory and dark room were re-cemented in parts where they were badly damaged ; and numerous shelves, j&xed by means of angle-irons, were erected to inci'ease the storage capacity. CASES. The cases throughout the Museum are now all numbered a separate .'r^et of ninnbers being employed for each room. This has been done principally to facilitate registration ; and by its means it is easy to state correctly and locate at a moment's notice the exact position of any specimen in the various collections. The scheme successfully adopted in the etlmological galleries and explained in my last report, of a glazed title for each case, has been canied out in all departments. It has proved highly effective fi'om a practical point of view, and improves the general appearance of the rooms. New double, brass winders for the window and blind-cords were fitted on to the new wall-cases wherever necessary. In the older part of the building the old winders and unsightly screw substitutes were discarded in favour of the new oues. In the Geological Department the table-case interiors were given two coats of fresh white paint previous to the re-arrangemcnt of the collection. With a view to obtaining a reliable paint or distemper to replace the old white oil-colour, the large wall-cases of the Economic Depart- ment have been experimented on. In changing the contents of a case it has always l>een necessary to give the interior a fresh coat of paint, owing to the yellow marks made wherever an object has stood on the painted surface for any length of time ; and in other ways it has not l)een satisfactory. In the cases under notice Morse's Calcarium of a French grey shade has Ijeen applied, and has in every way proved satisfactory up to the time of writing. It is inexpensive, and the 29 colour cliosen gives a warm and pleasing aspect, to the general appear- ance of the room. It also forms an admirable background for whatever objects have, as yet, been exhibited against it. Should the experi- ment stand the test of time, the distemper will be used luiiversally throughout the exhibition galleries, with a probable slight variety of colours to suit the circumstances. Another innovation in the wall-cases has been the substitution, in certain cases, of plate-glass for the old wooden side-shelves. These shelves are cut out of broken sheets of plate-glass which were origin- ally intended for case-fi'onts. Tliey give a decidedly liglit and airy appearance to the inside of the cases. As there is a good deal of this broken glass still in hand, it will be possible to extend the "use of it in this way into all the collections where the opportunity presents itself. THE COLLECTIONS. 1. Zoology (Rooms D and E) and Osteology (Part of Room B). The mammalia were registered and catalogued, re-classified in some orders, and cleaned throughout. A list of the collection was compiled and will appear, in due course, in the "Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums." This list gives the total number of mammalian specimens at the end of 1905 as 297, representing eight orders, 27 families and 93 species. Part of the spirit collection (snakes and batrachia) were installed in the passage leading into the new wing, in two of the old-fashioned cases with small panes of glass ; but the impossilnlity of arranging the specimens without the interference of the wood-work places the ]n'e- parations at a great disadvantage. A few rectangular preservative jars have been introduced here in place of the round ones. A stock of these jars is in hand, and all the batrachian specimens will eventually be remounted in them, in addition to introducing them into other parts of the Zoological Department. The first of an instructive series of preparations, illustrating the evolution of different animals' lives from the embryo to the adult stage, has been placed in this case, and shows the metamorphosis of the frog {Rana esculenta) from the egg, or spawn, to the fully deve- loped animal. Similar series obtained from England during the year were: the honey-bee (Apis mellifica) and the crab (Carcinus maenas). A table-case will also be at the disposal of the reptilia when the birds' nests and eggs have been embodied in the general ornithological collection. The larger specimens of the chelouia already occupy half the case. 30 A f»>rtni_ijht's cnlloctin>;- on ilio Larut Hills in Mareli was productive of a small collertion of manimals, l>ir(ls. reptilos and invertebrates. In a moruiug'.s visit to B\il caentleus), Avitli nest and egg, was secured. A specimen of a new flying-sqnin-el was procured at the Tea Gardens by Mr. W. Boomgardt. On being sent to Mr. Oldfield Thomas of the British Museum for identification, this proved to be a specimen of Pteromys punctata, of which only one has before been ol)tained: the type in the British Museum, wliich, I think, was procured in Malacca. A specimen of the grey musk shrew (Crocidiira caerulea), not before representeer of young adjutant, or marabout-storks {Leptoptiluii jarauicus), were purchased from a Malay in April, some dozen or so nests having been destroyed by a strong wind in the neighbourhood of Bagan Seiui. One of these birds was killed and mounted at the time of purchase, and another some two or three months later, whilst the remainder are still at large in the Museum grounds. They will even- tually form an instructive life-history group of this remarkable genus of birds. A native collector by the name of Alang Sagab was employed in the neighbourhood of Kota Lama during the months of May, June and July, and a large collection of land mollusca, araehnida, lepidoptera, coleoptei-a, (jrnithoptera, rliynchota, chilopoda and diplopoda was the result. Most of the coleoptera have kindly been examined and identified by Mr. Robinson of the Selangor Miiseum, and a selection from the rest of the collection has been sent to the British Museum for this purpose. Word was received in January of the discovery of elephant remains at Ulu Briah, but on visiting the spot they were found to be those of the living race (Elephas indicun), and in an advanced state of decay. A small selection of the l»etter presei-ved bones was made, however. 2. BOTANT. Early in the year the herltarium cabinets wei'e thoroughly over- hauled, and the damage done by white ants to the panelling and backs was repaired. In this connection I am glad to report the complete success of the experiment Cdescribed in my last report) to frustrate the attacks of the ubiquitous termites. Not a single instance of attack has to l>e recorded, although signs of unsuccessful attempts by the little pests were evident. Ten sheets of botanical specimens were received late in the year from the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. These, with those received during 1P04. have been mounted, labelled and incorporated in the herbarium. 81 Mauv f^-ifts of botamcal and agricultural literature were received i,nd will he found duly acknowledged under the library donations for the year. 3. Geology and Minebalogy (Rooms A and B). Both of these collections have been entirely re-arranged, w^hich has not only added greatly to the attractiveness of the collections, but has permitted of the inclusion of a number of specimens previously stored up for w^ant of space. Noticeable amongst these is, the collection of fossils presented by the Trustees of the British Museum, of Cornish minerals presented by Mr. S. Wickett of Redruth, and of a more general collection of minerals and fossils presented and loaned by Mr. Leonard Wray. Reference to the donation list will also show the indebtedness of the Government to Mr. Cecil Wrav for his many gifts to this department. The arrangement in this denartment consists of two main divisions — local and general. The geological collections are arranged strati- graphically and the minerals alphabetically. In all cases new titles have been printed iu lai'ge type and placed in position inside the cases, so that any group of minerals, or a geological stratum, can be fiuickly discovered. As in other collections each group is separated from its neighbours by thin strips of black wood. To effectively carry out the scheme of arrangement in this department, the front verandah (room A) has been used, and the cases there run conse- cutively wdth those in the main (room B). A large amount of registration and cataloguing was done during the year, that of both the general and local mineralogical collections being nearly completed. 4. Economics (Room C). During the year under review the final arrangement of this section was made. Progress, however, is somewhat slow ; but a good amount of work w^as accomplished, and the registration and cataloguing of the collection was brought up to an advanced stage. Wherever possible specimens of leaves of the various economical plants have been introduced into the body of the collection. These are mounted on white card, and glazed iu frames made in multiples of the boxes containing the pi'oducts amongst which they are exhibited. Besides adding largely to the attractiveness of the collection, this series proves highly instructive to the observer. Many new plaster models have been added, both to the fruits and to the vegetables. Amongst these may be mentioned : the papaya or "buah betik" (Carica papaya), bullock hearts (Anona reticulata), white egg-plants and purple brinjals or " trong " {Solanum melongena) , sword beans or " kachang parang," and two varieties (Borneo and Ribbon) of the sugar cane {Saccharnm officinarum). 32 Valuablo juLlilions wovo inad"' to llic luhlxr oxliihits, thanks to the vorv weU-omo eo-oporation of tlic l"*lantatioiis ])opartmeut, throiif^h the courtesy of tho Superinteiulont, Mr. J. W. CainphoU. Details of these pfts will lie found in the list of donations for 1905. A series of marble slabs were piu-chased early in the yeai* from the Ipoh Marble Quarry Company, and have been placed in the case for economic minerals. They show very effectively the different grades, or varieties, of marble which are prohic enlargements of oriental races was augmented by four portraits of Semangs and two of Javanese. In the historical section a collection of Perak bvittons has been formed, derived fn^m various sources, and representing the Pei"ak Armed Police, Perak Sikhs, Perak Police, Federated Malay States Police and Perak Civil Officers. In the local ethnology section a valuable and handsome series of old Rembau (Negri Sembilan) carving was procured, and forms a conspicuous exhibit on the right-hand side of the room. Many weajKms were added to the already comprehensive series ; and on the occasion of the Sultan of Perak's visit to the Museum His Highness was careful to inspect these weapons very closely, and afterwards expre8se.i connected with, Vapour Generating Lam])s for Hydrocar- bon Oil or Si)irit " (Amended) ; No. 24. -Mr. A. Grant Mackie, for a "New Form of Puddler Harrow ; " No. 25. — Messrs. David Christie and Lai Tet Loke, for " Im- provements in Puddling Machinery ; " No. 26. — Mr. Charles Ernest Cnmming, for " Improvements in Puddling Machinery (Centrifugal Puddler) ; " No. 27. — Mr. Charles Ernest Gumming, for " Improvements in Puddling Machinery (Percussive Puddler).". Thtj inventi(jns register was Ijrought up to date. All past specifi- cations, nut previously registered, were procured from tlie Secretariat, copied, and the copies tiled. .VCOtlSSlOXS. There was a considerate increase in the number of donors and donations during 19U5, as a comparison of the list given below with that of 1904 will show. Througl) the courtesy of the Editor of " The Perak Pioneer," all donations have been publicly acknowledged monthly in the columns of the local newspai)er; and this has, per- haps, been largely instrumental in recruiting fresh donors. There is still lacking, however, the co-operation on the part of otficials in other Government Departments. Many valuable accessions have been made by purchase and collec- tion. The small stajft' of Malay collectors at Bukit Gantaug in parti- cular have been untiring in their efforts to increase the Museum collections. Attention has, however, already been drawn to the more important accessions of the year, so there is no need \'><). Gerrard, Dr. P. N. : Malayan "Wood Ovrl (Syrnium selopvto) Burrowing Snake (Cylindrophis rut lis), juv. Cicada {Dunchibia sp.). Fresh Water Bug (Behstoma sp.). Gowland, Mr. H. J. : LimVj Bonos of Common Leopai'd ( Felis pardus) . Graham, Capt. A. McD. : Bronze Helmet-Badgo of the 1st Perak Sikhs. ■\VTiite-metal Tunic Buttons of tlie Malay States Police, Pei-ak. White-metal Helmet and Cap- Badges of the Malay States Police, Perak. Geat. Mr. N. T. : Combs of Honey-bee. Hale, Me. A. : Shells of River Sna,ih (Paludina sp.). Malayan Sword Bean (Cana- va.Ua ensifnrwin) " Kachang parang.*" E PEKAK ST.V'J'K .Vll'SEUM — (cont.) Harper, Mrs. J. P. : Snake (Macropisthodon ftavi- ceps). Harrison, Mr. C. W. : Malay Fishing Net, " Ambai." HoGO. Mr. W. : Tree Snake {Dipsas hoops). Hume, Mr. W. : Bug {Etirostws sjj>.). Keesino, Mr. J. C. : Eastern Purple Heron (Ardea maniUensis). Keilich, Mr. D. : Burmese Wattled Lapwdng (Sarcogra mm as atrinuchnlis) . Common Snipe {Gallinago coeli.'itis). Moth (Anisoneura sp.). Khye Guan and Sons, Messrs. : Three Chinese Shell Figures from Amoy. Fungi (Lejitinus sp.) " Susu rimau," abnormal growth. Knocker, Mr. Fred. "W. : Collection of Marine Inverte- brates from Port Dickson, Negri Sembilan. Collection of Reptiles from Negri Seml)ilan. Small collection of River Fishes from Negri Sembilan. Small collection of Chilopoda and Diplopoda from Negri Sembilan. Common Scorpion (Bnthus spnriuier). Sword Beans (Canavalia ensi- for mis), var. Wliite Egg Plants (Solannm melangena) " Troug." Negri Sembilan Dog Tickets for 1902-1903 and 1904. Perak Dog Ticket for 1905. Five-cent Ceylon Coin, 1870. One do. do. 39 I-IST OK DOXATlOxVS TO THK PEKAK STATK ML^SKUM FOE U)05-(con^) Kydd, Mr. Jas : Larvae of Butterflies (Delias hypareff). Laidlaw, Mb. CI. W. : $5-Governiiieut Note, Forgery. Mackie, Mr. a. Grant -. Tin Ore from Suna^ei Besi (Selangor). Maddon. Mb. L. J. B. : Cicada (Dtmduhia sp.). Master-Tailor. Malay States Guides : Perak Government Buttons. MoiR, Mr. George : Specimens of Horse Fly (Taha- nus sj}.). Moss, Mr. p. : Four- tailed Grey Moth (Nyc- tfdemon patroclus). Nelson. Mrs. P. J. : Long-tailed Lizard {Tnchydvo- mus sexUneatiis). No Boo Bee, Towkav : Two Framed Photog-raplis of Ng Boo Bee's Tin Mine at Kamunting and Visit of H.E. the High Commissioner to the Mine. Nicholas, Mr. F. W. : Guinea Worm ( Filar ia ntedi- nensis). Nematodes or Thread Worms {Anchylostoina dnodenale) . Thread Worm, sp. inc. OSMAN : Malay Humming Top made from the Fruit of the " Klium" Tree (Sorodocarpvs hortieensis) . Pearse, Mr. Cecil : Cubic Iron Pyrites. IIethinasamy Pillay, Mr. M. : Silver Dart worn pierced through the tongue during the Hindu penance known as " Alagu." Double-pointed Silver Dart worn pierced through the cheeks during the Hindu festival known as " Alagu." EoBiNSON, Mb. H. C. : Nest of Bronze-ljacked Imperial Pigeon (Carpophaga hadia). Rowley, Mb. T. W. : Long- tailed Lizard (Tarhy- drcnnus sexlineatus) . Sayebs, Mb. Wm. : Stick Insects and Young, sp. inc. Secbetaby to Eesident, Perak : Perak Revenue Officer's Badge. Selangor State Museum : Collection of Minerals. Shelfobd, Mr. R., m.a. : Fruit Bat (Cyuoptena^ iiianji- imtns). Two Suakes and one Young ( Ma c roca la m nft lateralis) . Two Bull Frogs (Kana macro- don). Horned Toad (Megalojjhry.^ lowjipes) . Scorpion {Buthus t^piniger). Five Burrowing Spiders {Cte- nizidoe, sp. inc.). Sheffield, Me. J. Newton : Sakai (? Semang) Bamboo Spear. Bird-eating Spider (T/uigmo- poeus sexlineatus). Reptiles from Gunong Grah. Stoney, Mr. B. O. : Pupae of Butterfly (Euploea midanus). Stbonach, Mr. A. : Specimens of Tin Money. Tahtb : Nests of Malay House Swifts (Cypselus suhfy rcafus) . 40 LIST OF DONATIONS TO THE PERAK STATE MUSEUM FOR 1905— (coH^) Taylor, Mr. F. E. : Caudle Nuts {AUnrites moUnC' cona) known in the F.M.S. as " Buali kras.'' Watsox, Mr. E. Lauder: Tree Snake (Dip-fas hoops). Smaller Atlas Moth (AftacHs cynfhia). Abnormal growth of branch of a Para Kubber Tree (Hevea hraziliensia). Wilkinson, Mb. W. A. : Hamadryad {Naio hmujarns). Wilson, Mr. A. Wallis : Indian Mongoose {Heiyedes nniacjo). Wray, Mr. Cecil : Quartz containing Auriferous Copper, Lead, etc., from Kechau, Pahang. Ditto ditto 1 oz. of gold per ton. Quartz containing Auriferous Galena, Blende, etc., from Kechau, Pahang, 1 oz. of gold per ton. Auriferous Quartz from Mount Morgan, Australia. Auriferous Pyrites from Celebes, 2 oz. of gold per ton. Auriferous Copper from Kechau, Pahang, loz. of gold per ton. Blende Ore from Kechau, Pahang. Wray, Mr. Cecil — {cont.) Antimony from Mei'bau Lode, Silinsing. Pahang. Thorianite from Bamberabos- luAva District, Ceylon. Two rough cut Eo.se Catseyes from Ceylon. Three specimens of Corundum from Ceylon. Garnet Kock frum Kandy, Ceylon. Gem Rock from the Gem Mines, Ratnapura, Ceylon. Two specimens of Plmnbago from Ratnapura, Ceylon. Zircon from Kandy, Ceylon. Blue Apatite in Limestone from Kandy, Ceylon. Magnetite in Limestone from Kandv, Cevlon. Rock containing Garnets from Niuwara Eliya, Ceylon. Wr.\y, Mr. Leonard, i.s.o. : Bamboo Bottle for holding Mercury (Chinese). Gambler {Uiicaria yambier). First Class Perak Officers' Buttons. Wright, Dr. M. J. : Larvge of Moth (Gynautocema 8p.). YoNG FooK, Mr. : Young King Coconut. THE FOLLOWING SPECIMENS WERE ON LOAN : Bourne, Rev. .J. B. : Brass Jar of the time of the Ta Ming Dynasty, a.d., 1426, from Wei-hai-wei. HoDSON, Me. a. W. : Skull and Jaws of Tiger (Felis tigriif). Knocker, Mr. Feed. W. : Japanese Three-stringed Musi- cal Instrument. Japanese Lady's Chop-sticks in Case. Pack of Japanese Playing Cards, "Hanahuda." ■i] SPKCJMEX8 WEEK ()X L(JAN -(>o/W.) Maxwell, Mr. W. Gr. : Head of Malay Tapir (Tajjirus indicus) . Head of Javau, or Smaller one- liorned, Rhinoceros (Rhino- ceros sondaicHs). Head of S\;matrau, or two- horued, Rhinoceros (Rhino- ceros sumatrensis) . Wray, Mr. Cecil : Gold with Iron Pyrites. Wray, Mr. Leonard, i.s.o. : Eight specimens of Agate. Specimen of English Amber. Malachite (green carbonate of copper). Wray, Mr. Leonard, i.s.o. — {cont.) Serpentine from Cornwall. Labradoi'ite from Canada. Seventy-four Stone Imple- ments collected in Kent. Stone Implement from Ireland. Two Drinking Cups made of Buffalo Horn. Elephants' Tooth found at Gapis, Perak. Chinese Chop-sticks and Knife in Case. Two Plates of old Chinese china. Two Chinese Tin Cups. Chinese Fan Knife. ATTENDANCE. The attendance [for the year was greater than it has ever been before, and, though at times it is very erratic, it would appear that a steady annual increase has set in from 1902, the figures being : 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 40,022 ,.. 46,685 ... 52,854 ... 55,103 A rough analysis of the attendance would probably show that Tamils far outnumbered other native races ; and then, in order of numbers: Chinese, Malays, Indians (exclusive of Tamils), Europeans and Eurasians, and Siamese and Bm-mese in small numbers. Experimental opening on public holidays ^\as successful only in the case of native festivals (excepting the Taiping race week), and towards the end of the year opening on European holidays was discontinued. An examination of the attendance Iwok gives the following interesting statistics : The largest monthly attendance was 6,017, registered during March. The largest weekly attendance was 2,622, registered during the Taiping race week. The largest daily attendance was on the Hindu festival of " Pangini Utram " (21st March), the number being 1,074. Other large daily attendances were recorded as under : Race Week, 1st day, 15th August 1,025 Tai Pusum (Hindvi festival), 21st January ... 800 H.H. the Sultan of Perak's Birthday Celebra- tions, 20th June " 569 Race "Week, 2nd day, 17th August 554 Chinese New Year. 6th Februarv ... ... 512 42 Tlu' Mviseuiii wiis (tpfii thiuuylioul the ynv mi 29o davs. and this makes a daily average attoudaiice of 188.83. Mean daily average of visitors to Museum during 1905 : Month. Days Maxi- Mini- Total, Daily open. mum. mum. monthly. averasfe. January 25 800 117 4,784 191.36 Februarv 22 512 127 5,706 259.36 March ... 27 1.074 135 6,017 222.85 April 22 28y 114 4,063 184.68 Mav 26 268 104 4,233 162.80 June 24 569 100 4,101 170.81 Julv 26 210 85 3,595 138.26 August 25 1,025 41 5,414 216.56 September 26 227 97 3,777 145.26 Octol^er 25 185 100 3.601 116.16 November 24 300 90 4,514 188.08 December 23 427 168 5,298 230.34 Means ... 24.58 490.50 106.50 4,591.92 185.54 The total for the year is 55,103, the niunber of days the Museum was opened during the year is 295, giving a mean daily average of 185 visitors. H.H. the Sultan of Peralc, Sir Idris Mersid-el-Aiizam Shah, G.C.M.O., and suite, visited the Institution on the 24th June : H.E. the Higli Commissioner of the Federated Malay States, Sir John Anderson, K.C.M.O., on the 4th August ; the Resident-General, Sir W. T. Taylor, K.c'.M.G., on the 5th and 6th December; and the British Resident, Mr. E. W. Birch, c.m.g., with Lieut.-Colonel R. S. F. Walker, c.m.g., Oommaudant of the Malay States Guides, on the 1st February. Mr. R. Shelford, late Curator of the Sarawak Museum, made a prolonged inspection of the collections in March, on passing through Taiping, and the thanks of the Government are due to him for afterwards obtaining the valuable Javanese ethnological objects already mentioned. Classes from the Central School visited the Museum on the 3rd April and 2nd June. On the former occasion the Curator was able to give the pupils a short address. Pupils and Sisters from the Klian Pau Convent School paid a visit on the 2nd Aiigust ; and on Sunday, the 5th Februar}', the Museum was opened, by special request, to the Penang Convent Scliool. STAFF. Mr. E. Keilich, Taxidermist, returned from leave and resumed duties on the 2l8t September, after 18 months' furlough. 43 All extra Clerk was fiuplojed duriug the last five months ami eight days of the year, and paid for out of the extra clerical assistance vote. One Malay Attendant was added to the staff from the 1st January, being provided for in the Estimates, to watch and patrol the new wing. FINANCIAL. Owing to the circular issued in January from the Resident- General's Office disallowing rice allowance to Orderlies, Peons, etc., joining Government Service after 1st January, there was a balance in liand of 824 on the rice allowance vote of 696. The total saving on the expenditure of the department for the year was §1,014.55, §662.42 of which was saved on exchange compensation allowance vote. The revenue collected by Taxidermist's fees, etc., amounted to $50.45 : 45 cents in excess of that estimated. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. The gift of a pair of slow loris (Nycticehiis tardigradus) — com- monly known in the Peninsula by the misnomer of " Sloth " — was made to the Zoological Society of London in August, and they were safely deposited in the Society's Gardens in September. A young leopard (Felis j^ardvs) of the black variety, which was presented to the Perak Museum by Mr. Choo Chak Sang, of Seremban, was sent to the Egyptian Government Zoological Gardens at Giza, where it arrived in excellent condition in October and was warmly acknowledged by the Superintendent, Captain Stanley Flower. A pair of argus pheasants (Argusianus argus), procured for a similar pui-pose for the London Zoological Gardens, failed to siirvive for more than a month or so, and their skins were therefore added to the Perak Museum collections. A specimen of the Malayan flying- squirrel ( Pteromys petaurista) was pi'esented to the British Museum in May. A portrait of the late Sir Hugh Low, g.c.m.g., founder of the Perak State Museum, was framed and hung up ; and the portrait of Mr. James Wheeler Woodford Birch, first British Resident of Perak, was hung at the entrance of the comparative ethnology room. Towards the end of the year a new style of typewriter of the Hammond make was noticed, and one was immediately ordered through the Crown Agents. This machine writes only nine letter to the inch, instead of 11 to the inch as in the ordinary Hammond typewriter ; and as the one drawback to type-written labels is their inrlistinctness, due to the closeness of the type, it was assumed that this machine would be of great assistance in coping with the labelling question. FRED. W. KNOCKER, Curator. o 44 KKPOKT ON THE SELANaoJI STATE MUSEUM. 1905. EXPEXDITURE. N the vote of .>j6,096 for personal emoluments there was a savimr of 82,31(3.06, owing to the non-appointment of a taxider- mist as provided for in the estimates and to the rise in exchange. 2.- Under other charges, annually recurrent expenditure, J>3,600 was voted, which was spent as follows : (1) Collecting trips and transport ... ... ;^8tI1.34 (2) Specimens 830.75 (3) Glassware 422.05 (4) Preservatives, collecting and cleansing matei'ials ... ... ... ... 303.18 (5) Mounting birds and mammals ,.. ... 98.82 (6) Plates for " Museum Journal '■ 82.52 (7) Books and periodicals ... ... ... 136.15 (8) Postage and petty cash ... ... ... 108.03 (9) Freight and insurance charges ... ... 54.71 (10) Repairs and sundries ... ... ... 55.26 3. Under special expenditure, i^l,000 was voted for the purchase of instruments and specimens and utilised as below: (1) Purchase of ethnographical specimens ... ."5735.00 (2) Microscope ... ... ... 193.88 (3) Eifle 60.00 (4) Freight charges ... ... ... ... 10.77 Total .. S999.65 4. .*10.200 was revoted for purchase of furniture and much pro- gress was made with the construction of cases for the new building ; bv llip eml of the year the whole of the hardwood framing for the wall cases of the main galleries was practically ready for erection and the construction of talile cases well advanced. A further supply of glass-topped boxes for containing the study collections of birds and small mammals, similar to those used in the British Museum, was obtained from the Crown Agents, and three zinc-lined cabinets, designed to be practically air tight, were ordered from the Public Works Dej-artment Factory. It is hoped that this method of storing specimens will be 8ucces.sful in preserving the valuable collections of the Museum from the ravages of a climate which is peculiarly destructive to zoological specimens. A further stock of chengai was purchased at the end of the year and f-ta^ked to season, as it has been found that it is hopeless to attem])t to make satisfactory cases unless the wood of which they are built has been cut approximately to size for at least a year. 45 The followdug charges were iucun-ecl on accouut of this vote (1) Labour 81,043.24 (2) Factory Eugiiieer. ahneirahs, bird cabi- nets ami office furniture ... ... 4U8.75 (3) Timber 359.1U (4) Supplying trap-door and hoisting tackle to upper floor of Museum ,., ... 69. OS (5) Iron work fur cases ... ... ... GO. 00 (6) Safe 1(50.00 (7) Shipping and handling charges ... . 9.83 (8) Glass-topped boxes 272.66 Total ... .1^2,472.66 REVENUE. Including a balance of .^14.46 from 1904, the revenue realised from work done for private persons and sale of surplus specimens was >?370.88. Under authority, previously obtained, .s384.67 was expended, prin- cipally on freights on specimens sent t(» England for examination, on ethnographical collections and on expenses connected with the Gunoug Talian expedition, leaving a debit balance carried to the 1906 account of 813.79. VISITORS. A large portion of the Museum was closed throughout the year and the entire building was closed from the 8th September. Notwith- standing this, the total attendance for the first eight months of the year amounted to 20,930 compared with 23.219 for the corresponding- period of 1904, but it shoidd be pointed out that these figures are merely recorded by a native watchman and, as he was under no Euro- pean supervision from May to September of 1905. the figures should probably read considerably higher. Of the total number of visitors the percentage distribution accord- ing to race works out as follows : First t'iiilit inuiiiji.'?. Europeans Eurasians Bengalis ,., Tamils Malays . , , Chinese . . 1903, 1904, 1905, per ceut. per cent. per ceut 1.3 1.8 1.5 2.5 3.5 3.9 3.9 5.3 6.1 16.7 16.2 18.9 22.7 20.1 17.5 52.9 53.1 52.1 Total ... 100.0 ... 100.0 ... 100.0 46 It will be noted that the atteudauce of Europeans and Eurasians, taken together, is practically a constant proportion while that of Malays is diminishing; the variation, however, is probably due to changes in the constitution of the population of the town and not to any other cause. LIBRARY. No im}»ortant additions were made to the library during the current vear. Contributions were received from the Tiustees of the British Museum, the Smithsonian Institution and the Philippine Museum, as well as several small pamphlets and annual reports from other sources. A duplicate set of " Stray Feathers," a journal of Indian ornithology, which contains much matter dealing with the Malay Peninsula, was pmx-hased from the Singapore Museum and a few other books were ordered through the Crown Agents. APPARATUS. A Zeiss microscope and a dissecting microscope were purchased from the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company, Limited. EXCH.\isGES. During the present period of transition it has not been feasible to arrange any very important exchanges, but a small collection of reptiles, desiderata of the Museum, was received from the British Museum as well as a few tubes of named termites. PUBLICATIONS. Two numbers of the " Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums " were issued during the year, consisting of about 70 pages of letterpress illustrated by two plates and a plan. Material for two other numbers is under preparation. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. A few insect pests were submitted and identified during the year including the larva of a small beetle of the family Boisirichidac, which was causing much damage to seriali furniture manufactiu'ed by the Public Works Department Factoxy. ADDITIONS. I. — ZCOLOGICAL. In January and February two brief expeditions were undertaken to the high mountains in the neighbourhood of Gunong Batang Kali and small collections were obtained from a height of over 5,000 feet. Amongst other specimens, new to the Museum, may be mentioned, Cryptolopha trivirgota, a small green warbler ; Cyanops ramsayi, a brilliantly plumaged barbet ; Cholcarus Inrqjiuatus, a fine peacock pheasant only known fi-<.m two ^peohneiiH obtained by the Hon. Walter 47 Rothschild's collector iii Ulu Pahang; and a blue whistling thrush, new to science, which has been descril)ed by ]\Tr. W. K. Ogilvie- Grant, of the British Museum. A small squirrel proved to be (S'ci»y (ts riifUfenis, hitherto not known from the Malay Peninsula and supposed to be confined to the uiountain districts of Burma and Teuasserim. Another extremely rare squirrel, Rhinosciurus laticaudafns, was also obtained within the town limits of Kuala Lumpur. The collections made un Gunong Tahan and in its vicinity have been sent to the British Museum, in accordance with the terms of the agreement whereby the Trustees of that institution paid a consider- able proportion of the expenses of the expedition ; but it is anticipated that the balance remaining after the first set has been deposited in the national collection will provide a number of species not hitherto represented in either the Perak or Selaugor Museum. The numerous other additions. vertel>rate and invertebrate, call for no special remark. II. ETHNOLOGICAL. As in 19U4 very special attention was paid to this department, and the accessions, mostly from Negri Sembilan and Pahang, are very numerous. The collection of native wood carving has been much extended and further additions have been made to the series of handmade pottery, which now (.-omjirises examples of nearly every fabric known from the Federated Malay States, including two beautiful specimens of a type of incised work now no longer made. A large number of spears, showing the development of the blade from a wcioden model, were purchased and numerous specimens of the less common types of weapons. Several examples of old brass and silver work were also secured, including two waist buckles of silver, "jadam," the manufacture of which is now a lost art on this side of the Peninsula. Mr. Cecil Wray, Resident of Pahang, kindly purchased for the Museum a most interesting set of miscellaneous ethnological specimens, mostly from Pekan. including a curious tuinhok Jada, or dagger, "with a bronze blade. Whilst at Kuala Tembeling I also made a small but varied collec- tion, amongst whicli there may be mentioned a set of the dies used in making the pottery for which the district is famous and several fine specimens of " batvi lintar" or neolithic celts dug out of the sand banks which border the Tembeling in several places. At the end of the year a visit was paid to Linggi, where several unique and curious objects were purchased, inckiding a set of the implements used in the " zunnat " operation. III. MINERALOOY, GEOLOGY AND ECONOMIC PROBUCTS. Works on these groups was entirely suspended, pending the trans- ference of the collection to the new Museum, but arrangements have been made wherebv the technical collections made bv the Mines, 48 Geological, Agricultural aud Forests Departments will be placed on view in the central hall of the new Museiun ; in the meantime, h<>wever, no storage room has been available. DONATIONS. Considering the out-of-the-way situation of the existing building and the fact that it has been impossible to exhibit specimens to advantage, it is not surprising that donations to the Museum have been few and unimpoi-taut. It is hoped, however, that on the removal of the collections to the commodious premises now practically finished this will be altered and that the general public will assist in making the Museiun really representative of the resources of these States by contributing any specimens of interest that they may be in a position to obtain. CONSERVATION. The collections have throughout the year been cleaned and where necessary repaired, aud many of the more perishable articles have been l-acked up in tin-lined cases, as the increasing dilapidation of the building has rendered their further exposiu'e inadvisal)le. A large number of rare mammals and birds were sent home for motmting by an experienced taxidermist, and the former have been safely received back in a most satisfactory condition, the results in the case of a large male siamang and a wild cat being particulaidy fortimate. Mounting from the dried skin, however, can never show such good effects as when the specimens are taken in hand immediately after death, and in a humid climate like that of the Federated Malay States the drying and subsequent relaxation of the skins are attended with special risk to the specimens, due to incipient decomposition. STAFF. The Dyaks attached to the Museum worked hard and well during the year, their duties on G-imong Tahan being specially arduous ; Imt the Beuj'ali watchmen were not satisfactorv. 'o^ The Museum clerk absconded in September after pawning the silver mounts of several spears aud krises ; he was, however, captured and sentenced to nine months' rigorous imprisonment, and fortunately the majoi-ity of the stolen articles were recovered from the pawnbi'oker with whom they had teen pledged, whilst the value of the balance was made good by the Government Officers' Guarantee Fund. H. C. KOBINSON, Curator. THE MALAY VAKNISH CALLED *• GETAH LULl'* By L. WRAY. A/f'R. E. M. HOLMES, f.l.s., Curator of the Museum of the Phar- maceutical Society, writes iu the Museum Eeport for 1903-6, p. 32, pubhshed iu 1907 : " Nearly eleveu years ago I described iu the Journal of this Society (3), 25, a specimen of a varnish used by the Malays of the Straits Settleiuents, which is there considered to be the best in use, forming a white brilliant hard varnish. It was received from Mr. L. Wray, the Curator of the Perak Museum, who sent with it a leafy branchlet of the tree, but with fruit only, uot flowers. From the specimens then sent, so far as I could determine, the tree yielding the varnish was either Garciuia menjuetisis, Wight, or nearly allied to it. Now Mr. Wray has sent specimens of flowers, and, on submitting the flowers to Mr. J. T. Duthie, b.a., the Assistant for India, at the Royal Herbarium, Kew, he has confirmed my supposition as correct." This species is thus described iu the " Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula," by Sir George King, k.c.i.e. : "2. Gakcinia meroubnsis, Wight, HI. 122, Ic, 116. — A tree 30 to 40 feet high ; young branches thin, terete, dark brown when dry. Leaves : ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, bluntly caudate-acuminate, the base cuueate ; upper surface when dry shining, dark brown ; the lower didl pale bi'own, the midrib distinct on both ; nerves indistinct, thin, spn.'ading, about .075 inches apart ; length 3 to 3.5 inches, breadth 1.1 to 1.4 inches ; petiole .25 inches. Male flowers : .15 inches in diameter, iu rather dense axillary minutely bracteolate 3- to 6-flowered cymes longer than the petioles ; pedicls .2 inches, buds globose ; sepals fovir, fleshy, the outer pair small, ovate-orbicular, sub-acute ; the inner pair orbicular, all concave ; petals four, orbicidar, fleshy, concave, covering the stigma in bud ; anthers numerous on both sides of four flesliy processes ; sessile, oblong, dehiscing suturally ; rudy-style long, cylindric, thick ; stigma discoid, smooth, flat. Hermaphrodite flowers : sepals four, the outer pair, as in the male, ovate-orbicular, thin ; petals four,orbicular-reniform, fleshy, not covering the stigma ; stamens numerous on both sides of four triangular fleshy processes ; anthers sessile, sub- orbicular, dehiscing vertically by the sutures ; stigma sessile, very large, hemispheric, convex, smooth, covering the anthers when young. Female flowers : sepals four, the outer pair much smaller than the inner, all thin and con- cave ; petals four, orbicular, about the same size as the inner sepals, concave, thinly coriaceous, with a thick-ended coloured patch at the base; staminodes and disk O; stigma semi-hemispheric, almost cover- uig the whole ovary. Fruit: pcdicelled, globular, .75 inches in Die, I'M). diamoter, smooth, covered by the coucave smooth stigma. Hook., fil. Fl. Br. lud., I., 267 ; Km-z., Fl. Burm., 1, 89 ; Pierre Flora Forest, Coch.-Chiu. Fasc, VI., p. VI., tab. 68, 69, 91, D. " Malacca : Griffith, Maingav, No. 155 ; Kew Distrib. Perak : Scor- techiui, Nos. 224a ami 812 ; King's Collector, No. 2660 : Wray, 1075. Pouang : Curtis, No. 900." Professor Wyiidham R. Duustau, f.r.s.. Director of the Im])erial lustitute, furnished the following report on this substance in 1905. It is printed in the " Bulletin of the Imperial Institute," Vol. III., No. 2, p. 1-49 : "GARCINIA KESIN FROM PEKAK, FEDERATED MALAY STATES. "This material was forwarded to the Imperial Institute on Ijehalf of the Grovernmenl oi the Federated Malay States by Mr. Leonard Wrav. Curator of the Perak Museum. The specimen was accompanied Ijv a letter, giving the following information with regard to the extrac- tion and preparation of the resin : "The resinous substance is the dried sap oi a Garcinia. The sap is obtained bv making incisions in the bark of the trees. It is then boiled until it is as thick as cream, when a little turpentine is added, and it is ready for use as varnish, being applied to the wood by means of a pad of cloth. " As pi-epared, it is an emulsion of a jjale yellow colour ; if boiled till all the Avater is evaporated it solidifies, and cannot be dissolved ai'ain with turpentine ; Ijut if w^ater is added at once it may again be made into an enudsiou. It will only keep in good condition for a few days, fermentation of the watery portion of the sap readily setting in. •• This Malay varnish is, Avhen dry, nearly white, very hard and l)rilliant. Ijeing ([uite ecpial to the Japanese lacquer. The tree which vields it is a wild one, and as it fruits freely there should be no difficulty in planting it. • CHEMICAL EXAMINATION. " The sample of this product forwarded has been examined in the Scientific and Technical Depai-tment of the Imperial Institute. The specimen weighed about 4 ounces, and. consisted of a semi-solid resin contained in a porticm of a bamboo stem. Internally tlie material was soft and opa(j[ue, and had a pale yellowish colour, and an odour re- sembling that of "t'ung" oil: but externally it was dark-brown in colour, and was covered by a \ery thin layer of brittle material, prob- ablv produced by the action of the atmosphere on the resin. This hard outer layer, which is probably identical with the insoluble resin pro- duced by evaporating the whole of the water from the sap, constituted oulv a minute proportion of the whole: it was insoluble in turpentine oil and the usual solvents, but the small amount obtainable precluded its further investigation. 51 " The resiu, when freed from the thin outer layer of altered material, was soluble in turpentine oil, chloroform, benzene and ether, and ahnost completely so in alcohol. It melted at (35" C (15!/^ F.), and on ignition furnished 0.21 per cent, of ash. One grain of the resin required 89.2 milligrams of potassiiun hydroxide for neutralisation, and 93.5 milligrams of this re-agent for complete saponification. It contains, therefore, a large proportion of free resin acids, and a comparatively small amount of resin esters. " When dissolved in turpentine oil and the solution applied as a varnish to wood, there was left on drying a hard almost white ' coat,' similar to that produced by damar varnishes. " A small sample of the resin was submitted to a firm of varnish makers for technical trial : they reported that it could probably be used as a substitute for damar resin in the preparation of varnishes suitable for in-door woi'k, but that it would be necessary to carry out experiments on a large scale before a definite commercial value could be assigned to the material. " These results indicate that this Garcinia resin is a product of considerable interest and likely to prove commercially valuable, and it has been suggested that a larger sample of about 14 pounds of the material should be prepared and forwarded to the Imperial Insti- tute for further examination, technical trial and commercial valuation. " At the same time a similar sample of the hard insoluble resin prepared by evaporating the whole of the water from the saj), as de- scribed iu the letter accompanying the present specimen, has been requested, since it is possible that a process might be devised for jn'e- paring a resistant varnish of the copal type from this material. " It is desirable that steps should be taken to identify the particular species of' Garcinia from which this resin is derived. In this connection, it is of particular interest to note that this resin appears to be quite different in constitution from the gum-resin, gamboge, obtained from the nearly allied plants Garcinia hanhitrii and Garcinia Dtorella.^' I will now supplement the above particulars as to its collection and use with further details obtained from some Perak Malays. The method of collection is as follows : Small horizontal notches are cut in the bark of the trees down to the wood. Each notch is made by a double cut, one with the knife held with the edge turned upwards and the next with it pointing downwards. The result being that a wedge-shaped piece of bark is removed. The tapping is to be done about 5 p.m., and it is essential that the trees be visited early in the morning as soon after sunrise as possible, otherwise the small bees, called Jcehdat, will carry away all the gummy sap for use in their nest building. During the night the sap oozes out and there is found in the morning a small quantit .^2 of (jetah iu each cut. It is removed by the tiuger tip and theu scraped off iuto a bamboo. The getah is of a creamy cousisteucy and of a pale yellow colour, Avith a characteristic smell. Examined under the microscope it is seen to be an emulsion. It is next run out of the bamboo into a piece of white cloth, This is folded up lengthwise, the ends gras])ed by the two hands and the cloth twisted tightly, till all the fluid has been rung out; leaving only the chips of bark and other refuse in the cloth. To one i)art of the getah, two parts of spirits of turpentine are added, and the whole put into either a brass cooking pot or an iron knaJi. This is placed over a fire and the contents brought to the boil three times in succession, when it is ready for use as a varnish. As thus prepared, it retains a considera1.)le amount of water and is still an emulsion of a pale yellowish -Itrowu colour. Some Malays say they use minyak kapor harus, or camphor oil, but the oil I have been shown under this wauie appears to be only turpentine, with possibly a little camphor in it. In Larut. any way, common spirits of turpentine is used. It was called miitijnk kayn pideh l)y my informant, which is the Malay name for Cajeput oil, but turned out to be turpentine on examination. Foiinerly, it was considered that it should be cooked only at midnight and the operator had to woi'k in a state of nature ; otherwise the process could not be brought to a successful termination. To apply the varnish, a rag is sometimes used, but the best results are obtained by laying it on with the ball of the thumb, which has l)een previously smoothed by rubbing on a sharpening stone. If this is not done, the grain of the skin leaves marks on the fiaished surface of the varnish. No oil is emjiloyed to prevent sticking, as in the somewhat similar process of French polishing. Having been coated, the article is hung up to dry, usually under the eaves. This takes from three to five davs according to the state of the weather. As first |)ut on, the vaniish is translucent from the admixture of water ; but, as it dries, the water evaporates and it becomes transparent. The wood, previous to varnishing, is i-eudered as smooth as possible by means of a knife, and the final finish given to it by ruljbing it down with the leaves of a white-flowered climber, called inamjdas kasaj) (Dclima mnnnutom, Linn.;, or those of several species of rough-leaved tigs may be employed instead. These leaves give a smoother surface than the finest glass-jjajjer can ini[)art. With hard, close-grained woods like kainiuuag {Mun-aya exotica, Linn.), one coat of the varnish is sufficient ; but with softer and more absorbent woods two are required. Nothing in the way of size is employed by the Malays to fill the grain l>efore varnishing, as is done in Eui'ope. It has, therefore, to be filled with tlie varnish itself. The ai-tides wljicl} are UKj.st fre<|uently coated with tliis varnish aiv the: scabbards and l)andles of weapons. The surface is bright and 53 hard anlong-obovat« to oblong, shortly and abruptly acuminate or sub-acut«, the base broad and rounded or rarely slightly and suddenly contracted ; l>oth siirfaces glabrous, the lower minutely reticidate and sometimes pulierulous on the 12 to 15 pairs of slightly curved ascending nerves : length 4 to 5.5 inches ; breadth 2 to 3.5 inches ; petiole thin, .8 to 1.2 inches long ; stipules lanceolate, sparsely pul)escent. Corolla .3 inch long ; tube of calyx wide, ridged, its mouth about .075 inch across. Anthers sagittate at the base. Stigma mitriform. " Haviland, in Journ. Linn. Soc, XXXIII., 69 ; Stephegyne 82)eciom, Korth., Verb. -Nat. Gesch. Bot., p. 160; S, parvifoUa, K. Schum, fl. Kaiser- Wilh. Land., p. 127 ; Nouclea speciosa, Mig., Fl. Ind. Bat., II.. 140. "Pahang: Ridley, 2190. Perak: Wray, 1896, 4280 ; Scortechini, 616; King's Collector, 1770, 10029, 10459. Distrib.. Sumatra; Forbes, Borneo ; Motley, 1169 ; Korthals. Philippines ; Cuming, Motley ; Vidal, New Guinea." It wiU be noticed that the geographical range of the species is very wide: embr.K'ing the whole Malayan Archipelago and Peninsula. A reference to the supposed properties of the plant appears in the "Kew Bulletin," No. 5 of 1937, p. 199, where it is stated: "A com- munication from Mr. D. Hooper drawing attention to an article bv Mr. H. N. Ridlev in ' Journal of the Asiatic Societv ' for Julv, 1897, wherein the writer refers to the leaves of Miiragyne speciosa, Korth., as being employed in Perak as a remedy for the opium habit." It appears, however, that in the July number for that year there is only one article by Mr. Ridley, and that is " Malay Plant Names," and at p. 58 occurs the only mention f>f the plant, which is as follows : "'Biak' (Perak): Miteagyne speciosa, Korth. (Rubiaceae). — Leaves used as a sub.stitute for opium in Perak, according to Mr. Wray." This is quite another matter ; " remedy " and " substitute " being words of such widely diverse meaning. It only shows, once again, h<^»w very necessary it is to k>ok up references. 55 Thcro are two distinct ways of preparing the drug for use. In the first, tlie leaves are picked and put out to dry in the siui. until they become crisp, when they are reduced to a powder by rubbing between the hands. The fibrous ribs and veins of the leaves being removed during the process. The resulting powder may then be stored for future use. The dose was, characteristically described by an old Malay to be, about ionr-duit ayioiia weight of the powder. A diiit ayam is a small copper coin having on the obverse the figure of a cock. It was issued by the East India Company at several dates at the beginning of the last century. They weigh on an average 34 grains each, so that the dose would be 136 grains, or, say, 2 j drams Apothecai-y's weight. The powder is mixed with cold water in a cup and the whole drunk ; or an infusion is made with hot water and it is taken like tea. It is usual to take it twice a day, before meals. The second method of preparation is to dry the leaves as before in the sun, then boil them in water so as to form an infusion. This is strained and the clear filtrate is evaporated to a sirupy consistency. This extract can be kept a long time, and is usually stored in the little horn boxes used by opium smokers for keeping prepared opium in. It is called chandu by the Malays, which is also the name of opium when prepared for smoking. This extract of hiah is mixed with hot water before taking. The dose is said to be one Imn, which is equal to 5.83 grains Troy. Some people just put it on to the tongue and wash it down with a drink of water. The extract may also be smoked, somewhat in the same way as prepared opium. The pipe employed for this purpose is made of the bamboo known to the Malays as hnloh minyah (Oa'ytennnthera sinvata), and is 14^ inches long and ^ths inch in diameter. It is closed by a natural septum at one end, and is open at the other, this is the end which is applied to the mouth in use. Near the closed end a brass tube is inserted, which projects at right angles to the bamlioo, and is If inch long, with a liore of j inch in diameter. There is in the Museum collection an opium pipe of Patani pattern, almost exactly similar to the one described above, only the bowl, if it may be so called, is of tin in place of brass. The extract is prepared for smoking by mixing it intimately with the finely shi-edded leaves of the Palas palm {Licuala pahidosa) , cut in the same way, and with the same implements, as native-grown tobacco. This mixture, which is a sticky, fibrous> brown mass, is called madat. A lamp on a tall foot completes the outfit. A specimen in the Perak Museum has a wooden base in the form of a conventionalized four-lobed flower, of 5 5 inches square and 1| inch thick. The upper part consists of a piece of bamboo 2f inches in diameter, cut so that the upper portion forms a shallow cup, closed beneath by a septum. 56 r>olow this the ii;voat<^r i>art of tlio walls of tlio haniboo have been out awav, leaviutj only four equidistaut evlinoisonous, producing stupor. It is also snid that users of it suffer from perma- nent enlargement of the abdomen. This is attril)uted, by some, to the indolent life which is induced by indulgence in the hiak habit. Besides the purposes already mentioned, the leaves of this ti*ee are used medicinally for worms in children. They are made into a povdtice and applied externally over the upper portion of the abdomen. It is held that, if applied to the lower portion, the worms are driven upwards and escape by the mouth ; but if confined to just beneath the termi- nation of the ribs they are expelled downwards and are passed in the ordinary way. Of their efficacy as a vermifuge, applied in the manner indicated above, I have very grave doubts. Some time Imck I sent about 16 pounds' weight of the dried leaves to Mr. E. M. Holmes for examination. He, however, reported that no poisonous alkaloie removed. The drawing of the pattern being completed, it is cut out with a knife, all those portions of the paper which are to appear in gold thread l>eing left and those which are to show the foundation are to be removed, care being taken to leave narrow strips of paper to support the pattei'n where necessary, and a circle, scjuans or other border is to be left to enclose the whole. This latter is called the tali-ayer, or water-course. These paper templets are called achu in Kuala Kangsar. Strong cai'dboard is then built up l)y pasting several thicknesses of brown paper together, with two sheets of white for outside covers. When dry the paper templet is laid on this card, being kept in place as before mentioned by a little wax here and there, and the design is carefully traced by means of a tine-pointed pencil. The templet heing removed, the pencil lines are cut through with a knife. To make cording, narrow strips of rattan of the kind called rotcm segur are taken. These are then passed through holes punched in a piece of tinned iron. First through large holes and then succes- sively through smaller ones, till the strip becomes round and of the required size. This process much resembles wire drawing, l)ut differs from it mainly on account of the physical characteristics of the two materials. In the case of wire, the diameter is reduced by passing it through a series of conical holes, whereby its length is augmented at the expense of its section ; while in the rattan, the sharp edges of the tin-plate scrape oif portions of its substance without adding anything U) its length. The cardboard pattern, which is called temjmlok, is put on to the cloth, usually velvet, which is to form the foimdation of the design, and tacked down with stitches from a quarter to half an inch apart. The stitches are taken transverselv across the card and not throug-h it. Where lines are required to complete the design, the prepared ratta)! is stitched on in the same way. It should be mentioned that the foundation cloth, with its backing of coarser material, is stretched on a horizontal work-frame before the application of the card pattern. The next step is to cover the pattern with gold thread. For this purpose a winder is used consisting of a piece of bamboo about 9 inches long, across one end, and about H inches from it, a shorter 58 pioco of hmulH>o about 3 inches louif is soriiroly tierl. This iinpleineut is called in Perak oJak-olel; Init it is known as rfiohnu in Pahaujj: where it is, or rather was, made of many fanciful and graceful shai>es ; in silver, brass, horn and other materials. A fine series of these was collected bv the writer and is now in the Perak Museum. On to the cross is wound the gold thread, usually a. double strand, the other end of the implement serving as a handle. A sniall needle with tine Avhite or ground coloured cotton is also necessary, as the gold thread is not passed over the card pattern and through the foimdation and up the other side after the manner of crewel work, but is only carried over the front of the card, being stitched down on either side of it with the needle and cotton. To do this neatly requires some skill, as the cotton must not show and the gold thread must be laid evenly so as to completely cover tli<' whole surface of the card. The Avay it is done is, after having tixed one end of the gold thread, to lay, by means of the winder, Avhicli is held in the left hand, the thread across the pattern, then the needle is brought up through the material at the edge of the card on one side of the thread, then over it and back again down through the material. This fastens the thread down on that side, then the winder is moved to the other side, so that the thread lies evenly next to that first laid, the needle is brought up again, over and down through the material. This process is continued till the whole of the card pattern is covered evenly with gold thread. As the support- ing pieces of card previously mentioned are come to, they are cut off, and the sun*ounding outer ring, if it does not form a part of the design, is also removed l)y undoing the tacking cotton, when it is no longer required for the support of the pattern. The jiieces of rattan are covered in the same Avay as the card. As many as five of these strips of rattan are laid together to fonn a border in some cases. At other times two, three or four are used. In cover- ing these borders the thread is carried across from No. 1 to the next, perhaps six times, then the same is done from No. 2 to No. 3, then again from No. 1 to No. 2, and so on alternately so as to form a chequered pattern, as is done in English gold lace. The gold thread is stitched down as already described. Occasionally single pieces of the rattan ai'e covered by coiling thread round them before applying it to the work. Beads, usually white, and spangles are freely used in this work to fill up all empty spaces. In this, as in most classes of oriental design, there appears to l>e a feeling that the whole surface should be covered with work of some sort. The restful effect of an lui broken back-ground does not seem to appeal to an Asiatic. Sometimes the representation of coloured flowers is attempted by filling in spaces, which have Ijeen purposely left in drawing the design. with a closely packed mass of coloured beads. It is probable that this shows Chinese infliience, and it is not bv any means an improvement on the plain gold ; particularly as in many cases the choice of colours is apt to be anything but haj^py. Filling is also done with silver thread, which is much more harmonious. When completed the result is a raised design in gold, on a founda- tion of some dark-coloured velvet or cloth, usually red, green or purple. Of the square mats the whole central portion of the upper one is generally embroidered in this method, Avhile the edges of the top fold and of the lower ones are covered with some figured clotli of a different colour for each fold. It may be mentioned that these mats are made somewhat like the conical bellows of a photographic camera, with sometimes as jnany as six folds, each one being smaller than the one below it. The better class sleeping and praying mats are also made after this fashion, but usually have only two folds. In these long mats the portions that ai*e ornamented by suji timha are the head piece and a row on either side of moi'e or less triangular- shaped pieces. These are worked separately and then cut out and sewn on in their proper places. The centre of the mat, to the edges of which these pieces of embroidery are applied, is most effective Avhen of plain or watered silk, but the Malays often use figured silk with not such good results ; at any rate, from a European's art point of view. Th^ bag at one end of a praying mat, which contains the praying staff, is also extensively embroidered. Pillow-ends of circular, octagonal or rectangular shapes, and also bags, shoes and purses are frequently enriched with ^uji timha. TWO RUBBER PESTS. By L. WRAY. Q OME years ago a large number of caterpillars appeared on the Para '^ rubber trees at the Grovernment Plantations at Pondok Tanjong, and did very considerable damage by defoliating the trees. Some of the caterpillars were sent to me, and I endeavoured to rear them, but they all died in a few days' time : apparently because they had had rough treatment before reaching the Museiuii. The second outlireak of this same pest was in the early part of this present year at Gapis Estate, Padang Rengas, belonging to the Kuala Kangsar Plantations Company. Here again very marked damage was done to some twenty acres of young trees. Four of the caterpillars were sent to me in a tobacco tin, which had had some holes punched through it with a nail, the rough jagged edges of the tin projecting inwards. It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to state that they all died a few hours after arrival. Although I was promised more of the insects, thev have never been sent. Tho followiupf snporfieial dosoriptii^n. Avliich will l>e suffioient to ideutifv the pest when it occurs elscwbere. was taken ossess are insufficient to lead to any very positive results. 62 It is customarv to divide the wild tribes of tlie Malay Peninsula iuto three distinct classes : the " Seniaug," or black woolly-haired aboriL,'iues of the North : the " Sakai," or fair wavy-haired aborij^ines of tlio Biitani; Padauij; mountains ; and the " Jaknns," or Indonesian aboriifines of Malacca and Jolior. Of the Jakuns, Dr. Martin has little to tell us — he saw nothing of them : but confined his personal obser- vations to a few men of the Blanda. Besisi, Senoi and Scmang types — the liest-known or stock types of " aborigines." Quite apart, how- ever, from the " Jakun " omissions, it is extremely doubtful whether Dr. Martin has reully done more than deal with the outer fringe of the '• Sakai" «|Uestion. The " Semang," in the North, are cei-taiuly a highly specialized race ; but between them and the Scuoi of Batang Padang lie other important tribes — the " Tembe," of Clifford ; the " Bastard Semang," of Anuandale and Robinson — who differ from both Scnoi and Semang, and who are not at all adequately discussed in Dr. Martin's bot>k. In the valley of the Nenggiri there is said to Vm a lai'ge community of Sakais ; very little is known about them, and Dr. Martin adds nothing to our knowledge. In the little-known country between the Tembeling and the Kuantan, there are more Sakais, but nothing whatever is known about their language, and the little that is known aljout their blowpipes and their costume shows a great difference between them and the other wild tribes of the Peninsula. In Selangor, the dialect of the Sakais behind Rasa has some niarked peculiarities, while that of the Oraug Kcuaboi between Sungei Lui and Jelebu is (if our vocabularies are to be trusted) totally unlike any other known hur'naire. The numerous Sakai settlements between Johol and the Upper Rompin have also to be investigated. In any case, it is quite clear that the three stock divisions — " Semang," " Sakai " and " Jakun" — are not an adequate description of the aboriginal races of the Peninsula, and will have to be extensively modified in the future. Dr. Martin's work is, therefore, not by any means " the last word" on the wild tril)es of Malaya, but it is an excellent summing iip of all that we know at ]>resent about them. Our information hitherto has Ijeen largely of the nature yf travellers' tales ; Dr. Martin has subjected those tales — (.'Specially the tales of "Professor" Vaughan-Stevens — to scientific analysis and distinguishes to some extent between the true and the false. He begins by giving us 7o pages on the Greography, Greology, Climate, Flora and Fauna of the Peninsula — a section of the work which is called for by continental ideas of thoroughness and not bv any sf)ecial light that it throws on the questicms at issue. He then goes on to discuss the data about Pre-historic Malaya. Who made the stone implements that we find in the Peninsula Y Dr. Martin gives good reasons for Ijelieving that the Sakais did not make them. He then discusses the hist }»ages on the History of Sakai Research, in Ashich Dr. Martin discusses very thoroughly the work of Vaughan- 63 Steveus and tiually dismisjses the "Professor" by ([Uotiui,', with some show of approvril, a casual remark that he was " the bit>;gest liar iu Asia." It was certainly time that the " Pi*ofessor's " statements should begin to be taken with the salt of incredulity. Dr. Martin's account of the distributions and divisions of the wild tribes (pp. 177- 218) comes next. It is the least satisfactory part of the book ; he mentions very few tribes, confuses the Blandas and Besisi, and devotes for too much attention to trivial points, such as the spelling of tribal names. How can it really help us to know that the word " Semang " has been spelt in no less than seven different ways ? The consideration oi the " Physical Anthropology " of the Sakai and Semang takes up no less than 483 pages, and is by far the most valuable portion of Mr. Martin's Avork. Of course, we need more data. No single aboriginal tribe has yet been exhaustively studied ; many tribes are still practically unknown; the material that we possess is of unequal value. The " Evgology " of the wild tribes is discussed in about 350 pages, and Dr. Martin completes his work with 41 pages of " Concluding Remarks " on the anthropological position of the wild tribes of the Malay Peninsula. His conclusions are mainly negative. A good bibliography and some excellent plates are included in the second volume of Dr. Martin's work. There can be no question of the utility of Dr. Martin's book. Except iu the matter of linguistics, it completely supersedes every existing work, and is an excellent statement of the results obtained up to the present by the study of these little-known wild tribes. But they still remain little known. The great desideratum — a full account of the distribution of the aborigines and of their differences — is still lacking. Three tribes — Senoi, Semang and Besisi — loom far too large in all accounts of the wild tribes of the Peninsula. We are left to jvidge the others by these three. Yet there are immense diiferences that are not to be so easily dismissed. The Kenaboi language differs far more from the language of the neighbouring Besisi, than the Besisi differs from Semang. What again is the exjjlauation of the common element in the language of the Besisi, Semang and Senoi, when the racial diiferences are so great Y What is the explana- tion of the ergological diiferences, the different types of blowpipe coming from different parts of the Peninsula, tlie differing poisons, the various ways of making fire ? What is the true relation between the so-called "Bastard Semang" and the Senoi and Semang? Mere admixture of race will not explain the differences. Sakai Research is too much confined to " stock " ti'ibes ; we want to know more about the men of the Ncnggiri, of Kuautau, of Ulu Rompin and the Kenaboi. There are numerous questions still remaining to be answered ; and until more data are available any ambitious work on the wild tribes must run the risk of being considered premature. R. J. WILKINSON. 'I'HE FOOD OF THE HAMADJiYAD. ''PHE HHUiiulniul. Noia hiuHjariis, Schley-., is the lart>-est of poisououb snakes. Lvtlekker iu the "Koval Natural History" gives the size as Vo feet aud states that it probably grows larger. The longest oue iu the collection of the Perak Museum, measured in the flesh 14 feet i* inches. I have heard of larger specimens, but have had no means of verifying the measurements. 0^)hioi)lia(jus, one of the synonyms of the Hamadryad, means " suake-eating," iu allusion to its well-known habit of devouring mcud)crs of its own order. It, however, does not appear to have been recorded that it eats, not only innocuous, but poisonous snakes as well. Two instances of this have come under my observation. In the tirst a Hamadryad of aljout 10 feet in length was caught by hitting it with a stick, when it disgorged a 6-feet long Sun-snake (Adeniophia birinjofus, Boie.), which had only just been swallowed. The second case was t)f a Hamadryad which was caught and killed while in the act of eugluttiug a Bumjarux fasciatus, Cantor. The Sun-snake is, although poisonous, not -jf a very virulent type, aud has sdch a small gape that it would be no match for a powerful snake like the King Cobra. The Bumjarus fasciattis, on the other hand, 'is one t.f the more poisonous species, and is. according to the Fauna of British India, a snake-eater itself. Cantor in his " Catalogue of Kep- tiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and Islands " writes : " A fowl, four minutes after it had been bitten on the inner side of the thigh by a Butitjarus fanciatus, fell on the wounded side and was shortly after seized with slight purging. The eyes were half closed, the pupils alternately dilated aud contracted, immoVtilc. In seventeen minutes slight spasms occurred, under which the bird expired forty-tliree minutes after it had Ijeen wounded. "Another fowl, w^ouuded in the same place as the former by the same seri)ent, but, after an interval of seven hours, expired under similar symtoms, only more violent spasms, in the course of tweuty- eitrht minutes." 'o' B<-ariiig on this subject, 8ir J. Fayrer, Bt., k.c.s.i., in the •■ 'J'hauatophidia e, I have seen a^i occasional death of this snake after a bite bv a Cobra thai. I think, 65 might, with some reiisou, be attributed to the poison. Tlie non-venom- ons snakes die rapidly — the Ptyas, a large, vigorous and fierce snake, though non-venomous, succumbs within an hour or so to the bite of a Cobra." From the fact that, in natural circumstances, a Hamadryad has been foimd to have killed and almost swallowed a large Bnngartis, it appears that it may be assumed that the poison of the latter is not effective against the former, while the venom of the former is fatal to the Bnngarus. The Hamadryad being a much more agile reptile than the other, it may rely on its quicker powers of movement to enable it to inflict a fatal bite on its prey and escape a bite itself ; in the same way as the Mongoose does. There is, therefore, still some doubt respecting the first assumption, though, I think, that the second is clearly proved. Two cases of Hamadi'yads, caught in the act of eating non-poison- ous snakes, have also come under my notice. In one the prey was a Coluber radiatm of -5 feet 5 inches in length, while the Hamadryad measured 9 feet 7 inches ; and in the second it was a common Rat Snake. L. W. REPORT ON ERYTHEOXYLON COCA LEAVES FROM PERAK. By Professor WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN, m.a., f.r.s., Director. n~^HE sample of coca leaves which is the subject of this report was forwarded for examination to the Impei'ial Institute by the Director of Museums, Federated Malay States, with letter No. D. M. 56/1907, dated the 15th April, 1907. The leaves were procured from the Kamuning Estate, Perak, where about half an acre has been planted with Erytliroxijlon coca. DESCKIPTION OF SAMPLE. The sample consisted of about 15 lbs. of brownish-green leaves, which varied in length from 1 to 2 inches ; they were brittle and very much broken. The leaves resembled those of Erythroxylon coca, Lam., var. spruceanum, as cultivated in Java, but were rather browner than a good sample of the latter. RESULTS OF EXAMINATION. Chemical examination of the leaves gave the following results : Moisture at 100= C 9.19 per cent. Ash 6.95 Total alkaloids 0.64 Bee, 1007. 66 The percentage of alkaloids present is quite equal to tlie average amount found iu commercial supplies of coca leaves from other sources. COMMERCIAL VALUATION, A sample of the leaves was submitted for valuation to a firm of manufacturing chemists, who reported that the colour was not parti- cularly good, and that at present similar leaves containing 0.6 per cent, of total alkaloids would fetch 7UJ. to Sd. per lb. on the London market. The firm stated that they had recently made a considerable pur- chase of Java leaves of the same alkaloidal strength, but of superior coloiu" at the above-mentioned price. CONCLUSIONS AND KECOMiMENDATIONS. These coca leaves from Perak were not very well prepared, being much broken and discoloured. To obtain the best price, the leaves should bo bright green, unbroken, and of good ai*oma, and these characters can only be obtained by collecting the leaves carefully aud drying them fairly rapidly. It is stated that, in Java and Ceylon, the best qualities of coca leaves are dried quickly by means of a current of w^arm air produced by a fan. The price obtainable at the present time for coca leaves is fairly remiuierative, l)ecausc the trade, outside South America, is in a few hands and there is no over-production of the leaves. The total demand for coca leaves is, however, small, aud there would be great risk of overstocking the market and so reducing prices if further extensive planting is undertaken. In these circumstances, if it is proposed to plant Erj/throo'ijloii coca in the Federated Malay )States, the enterprise should be started on a small scale aud afterwards extended, should circumstances point to the desirability of this being done. (Sd.) WYNDHAM K. DUNSTAN. Joth July, 1907. A HAND LIST OF THE BIRDS OF THE MALAY PEN- INSULA, SOUTH OF THE ISTHMUS OF KKA. By HERBERT C. ROBINSON, c.m.z.s., m.b.o.v., CuBATOE, Selangor State Mcseum. OINCE Huiue published his three papers i on " The Birds of the West- -^ em Half of the Malay Peninsula" in 1879 and 1880, no general list of the birds of the region has been issued, though a very consider- able amount of collecting has been accomplished, more especially ou ' Slruij Fcutlicrs, viii., pp. y7-72; loin, cil., pjj. 151-1G3; op. cit., pp. 107-132. Q7 the main mouutain range, in central Paliang, and on the north-east coast. In view, therefore, of a work on the Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula, which is shortly to be undertaken under the auspices of the Government of the Federated Malay States, I have thought it well to bring together a revised list of the species at present recorded from the area. Considerations of space have prevented me from giving the distribution of the species, either local or general, nor have I, except in very occasional instances, thought it necessary to give any references to descriptions or authority for occurrence. My sources of informations have been the collections of the Perak, Selangor and Singapore Museums (the two former of which are very rich in birds), the "Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum" and various papers on recent collections which I have cited in a former article ^ and need not here repeat. For the convenience of local students, species, which are represented in one only of the local museums, are marked with an asterisk for Perak and a dagger for Selangor, while those, which are desiderate to both collections, are printed in antique type — e.g., Rheinwardtius nigrescens. In addition, those forms which, though included in the list, are of somewhat doubtful occurrence in the Peninsula, are printed witliin square brackets. Order GALLIFOR .V^-S'-G AME-BIRDS. 1. Rhizothera longirostris {Temm.). 2. Arboricola charltoni {Ei/ton). fS. Arboricolacampbelli, i^ott»so/t 4. Caloperdix oculea (Temm.). 5. Kollulus roulroul (Scop.). 6. Melanoperdix nigi*a (Vig.). 7. Excalf actoria chinensis (Linn.). 8. Aconius erythrophthalmus (Raffles)." 9. Lophura rufa {Raffles). 10. Gallus gallus (Linn.). 11. Polyplectrou malacceusis (Scoi).). 12. Polyplectrou inopiuatus (Rothsch.). 18. Argusiauus argus (Linn.). 14. Rheinwardtius nigres- cens, Rothsch. 15. Pavo muticus, Linn. 16. Turnix taigoor, Sykes. Order COL UMBIFOIiMES-VlGEO^H. 17. Butreron capelli (Temm.). 1 +19. Sphenocercus korthalsi +18. Sphenocercus robinsoni. Grant. (Temm.). 3. High mouutains of South Perak and Selaugor. 12. Mountains of Selangor and Pahang above 3,000 feet. 14. Ula Dong, Gunong Tahan, and possibly the vicinity of Kuala Lipis, Pahang. 18. Gunong Tahan, Pahang; Semangko Pass and Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, Selangor. 19. The only specimen certainly knoAvn from the Malay Peninsula is one shot on Pulau Rumpia, one of the Scmbilan Islaiuls, off the nioutliof the Perak Kivcr, in April, 1906. ' Juiirn. Fid. J/"?. S("lc.< Jil'.-'., i.. p. 15 (IL'OG.) 6^ 20. t21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. [28. [29. PIGEONS OsDiotrerou fulvicollis (WagL). Osmotrerou biciucta {Jerd.). Osinotreron vernans (Linn.). Osmotrerou olax {Temm.). Treron uipalensis, Hodgs. Ptiliuopus jambu (Gm.). Carpophaga a3uea (Linn.). Carpophaga badia ( Raffles). Carpophaga griseicapilla (Wald.).] Columba grisea, G. B. Gr.] \—(cOHt.) 30. Columha punicea {Bhjth). 31. Myristicivora bicolor (Scop.). 32. Macropygia leptogrammica (Temm.). 33. Macropygia ruficeps (Temm.). [34. Turtur humilis (Temm.).] 35. Turtur tigriiius (Temm. and Kni2}.). 36. Geopelia striata (Linn.). 37. Chalcopbaps iudica (Linn.). t38. Calcenas nicobarica (Linn.). Okuer JiALLIFOBMES-RAlLS 39. Hypotaiuidia striata (iiw;i.). 40. Ralliua fasciata (iJaj^es). t41. Ralliua superciliaris (Eyton). 42. Porzana auricularis, Rclmih'. 43. Polioliinnas cinereus (VieiU.). 44. L i m n o b Ee n u s f u s c u s (Linn.). 45. Amaurornis phseuicura (For St.). 46. Gallinula ch lor opus (Linn.). 4:7. Gallicrex cinerea (Lath.). 48. Porphyrio edwardsi, Elliot. t49. Heliopais personata (G. B. Gr.). Oeder podicipedidifobmes-grebe». 50. Podicipes philipplnensis (Bonn.). 21. One specimen was shot at Kuala Sclangor on the Selangor coast in December, 1904. 28. The inclusion of tliis species in the Peninsular list rests on a specimen 8o identified by Colonel Bingham, which was obtained at an altitude of 1,1500 feet on Bukit Serudum, Kuantan, Eastern Pahang. Tlie species will not improbably be found on the mountains of the northern half of the Peninsula, which have not yet been properly explored. 29. I believe I have seen this pigeon in the mountains of South Perak and on Pulau Jarak in the centre of the Straits of Malacca, off the mouth of the Perak River. Mr. Boden Kloss has also obtained a specimen on Pulau Taya, a small island of the Lingga group, south of Singapore (Juurn. Straits Branch Roy. Aniat. Soc, No. 41, p. 58 (1904)). 34. The only specimens recorded from the Mala\- Peninsula are three in the British Museum (Salvad. Cat. Birds Brit. Mtis., xxi., p. 436, spms. r ',s',t ', (1893) ), obtained at Malacca by Wallace and Maingay. The bird is imported from South China to Singapore as a cage-bird, and I am inclined to think that these speci- mens were escapes from captivity, as the species is not one that is at all likely to be overlooked and no recent collector has met with it. 38. The only authentic locality for these species within the limits of the present paper is Pulau Jarak, where I obtained two specimens in December, 1904. The specimen frrun Khota Bliaru, Kelantan, listed by Bonhote (P.Z.8., 1901 (i), p. 77), is almost certainly a cage-bird. 42. Recorded only from Singapore (Raffles Museum, Singapore) and from Patelung on the north-east coast. .50. One specimen from Patelung is on record. 69 OUDKK LARTF0R3TES -GVLLH anu TERNS. au glica 51. Hydrochelidon leucop- tera, Meisn. aud Schinz. 52. Greloclieliclou (Mont.). 63. Seena seena (Syhes). 54. Sterna tibetana, Smmders. 55. Sterna lougipeunis, Nordm. 56. Sterna dougalli, Mont. 57. Sterna media, Horsf. t58. Sterna bergii, Licht. t59. Sterna sinensis, Gm. t60. Sterna minuta, Linn. t61. Sterna sauudersi, Hume. 62. Sterna anaestheta, Sco^). 63. Sterna melanauclien, Tenim. 64. Anous stolidus (Linn.). 65. Micranous leucocapillvis, Gould. Order C^.4J2.1 Di2//f 07? J/B-S— PLOVERS and WADERS. t66. Arenaria interpres (Linn.). 67. Sarcogrammus atinniichalis, Jerd. 68. Squatarola helvetica (Li7in.). 69. Charadrius dominicus (P. L. 8. Mull.). 70. Ochthodromus geoffrovi (Wagl). 71. Ochthodromus mongolus (Pall). 72. Ochthodromus pyrrhothorax (Gonld.). 73. Ochthodromus veredus (Gould.). 74. ^gialitis dubia (Scop.). 75. J^]gialitis alexandrina (it'?m.). 76. Numenius arquata (Linn.). t77. Numenius phseopus (Linn.). 78. Limosa novse-zealandise, G. B. Gr. t79. Limosa limosa (Linn.). 80. Himantopus bimantopus (Linn.). 81. Maerorhamphus taczon- owskii (Verr.). t82. Totanus calidris (Linn.). t83. Totanus stagnatilis, Beclist. 84. Tringoides hypoleucus t85. Glottis nebularius (Gunner). 186. Pseudoglottis gvittifer 87. Rhyacophilus glareola ( Gm.) . 88. Pavoncella pugnax (Linn.). 89. Limonites minuta (Leisler.). 90. Limonites ruficollis (Pall). 191. Limonites damacensis (Pall). 92. Ancylochilus sabarquatus (Gilldenst.). 93. Tringa crassirostris, Temm. and Schley. t94. Limicola platyrhyneha (Temw.). 95. Gallinago stenura (Kulil). 'd6. Gallinago gallinago (Linn.). *97. Scolopax rusticula, Linn. 98. Rostratula capensis (Linn.). 99. Hydrophasis chirurgus (Scop.). 100. Glareola orientalis, Leach. 51. Noted ill the Perak River estuary in November, 1906. 80. A specimen labelled as coming from Jelebu, a small State in tlie centre of the Peninsula, east of Selangoi", is in the Singapore Miiseum. 81. Also in the Singapore Museum from the Bindings. 86. Two specimens shot at Kuala Kedah, December, 1907. 88. Also in the Singapore Museum from Malacca. 97. I have examined the remains of a Woodcock shot at Parit on the Perak River, and have also heard of occurrence at Province Wellesley and Malacca. "0 1' A M I r.Y a nil />. 7;-('U AjN' ks. lt>l. Antigone sharpii {lihinf.). Famii.t /«/^/>//>.K-IBISKS. 102. Ibismolanocephala (irtM.). 104. Thaumatibis gigantea 108. Graptocephalus davisoni {Hume). (Oust). Family C/C0.V7/Z>.j:-ST0RKS. tlOr^. Pseudotantalns cinereus j 107. Leptoptilns clubiiis (RatfJt'."). ! (Gm.). 106. Dissoura episcopiis *108. Leptoptilns javaiiicns (Bofld.). I (Horsf.). 109. Xenorhynchus asiaticus (Lath.). Famii.v ARDElD.I^-HERO'Sfi Axn BITTERNS. 110. Pyrrherodias nianillensis {Me yen). 111. Ardea sinnatrana, Baffien. 112. Ardea ciuerea. Linn. '113. Mesophoyx intermedia (WagJ.). +114. Garzetta garzetta (Linn.). llo. Demiegretta sacra (Gin.). tllfi. Nvcticorax uvoticorax 117. Gorsachius melanolophus (Ba-ff^es). 118. Bntorides javauica (Horsf.). 119. Ardeola grayi (Syhes). 120. Ardeola bacchus (Bp.). 121. Bubnlcus coromandus (Bodd.). 122. Ardetta sinensis (Gm.). 123. Ardetta cinnamoniea (Gm.). (Linn.). \ 124. Dupetor flavicollis (Lath.). Family AXATTD.K-DVCKS axd GEESE. *125. Asarcoruis leucoptera 127. Dendrocvgna javanica (Blyth). ( Horsf. )'. ' 126. Nettopus coromaudelianiis +128. Spatula elypeata (Linn.). (Gni.). I *129. Quercpiedula circia (Linn.). 130. Nyroca fuligula (Linn.). Family PZ027i>,^— DARTERS. 131. Plotus melanogaster (Gm.). 101, 109. Recordod from Pcnano- (e.r coll. Dr. Cantor), but in both eases pro- oably importod. 10.J. By no means uncommon on the Helangor coast, but almost unprocuraWo owing to the depth of mnd on the fiats it frequents. Also seen at Kuala Kedah. 106. Very common on the eastern side of the Peninsula, but almost unknown on the west coast, .south of Kedah. 119, 120. Both these Pond Herons are also very rare on the west coast. 12.5. Very rare in the southern portion of the Peninsula, but commoner towards the north. ShoteUe^ specimen shot near Kuala Lumpur in 1898 is the only record for the 129. Occasionally met with on the Perak River, but rare. 130. A specimen shot some years ago at Tomerloh, Central Pahanp, was ( /i.fe A. L. Butler} identified as this spcj-ios bv :Mr. F. Fian. 71 FAMir.v piiALACRoroR.icrn.T:-coRM(m\-s'rs. *132. Phalacrocorax carbo, Linn. 133. Phalacrocorax javaiiicus (Horsf.). Famu.y FREGATID.E-¥Ria\VK BIRDS. 134. Fregata aquila (Linn.). \ 135. Pregata ariol (Gould.). Family PIRETITONTIB.E-TJiOTIC BIRDS. 136. Pheethon indicus, Hnmp. Family SULIDyE— GARNETS. 137. Sula sula {Linn.). Family PELECAXID.E—VE\JS.Ch.T!i^ 138. Pelecanus roseus, Gm. *139. Pelecaniis philippinensis, Gm.. Order ACCIPITRIFORMES. Family VULTURID^E-WJUYVR^E^. *140. V u 1 1 u r t e u u i r o s t r i s (Hodgs.). *141. Pseudo^-Vps beug-aleiisis (Gm.)7 442. Otogyps calvus (Scop.). Family FALCOXTD.E-EAQLEt^, and HAWKS 143. Circus spilonotus, Kaup. \ *150. Accipiter nisus (Linn.). tl44. Circus nielanoleucixs, For.'d. 145. Circus pygargus, Linn. tl46. Circus seruginosus, Linn. 147. Astur trivirgatus (Temm.). tl48. Astur soloeusis (Lath.). 149. Astur badius (Gm.) 151. Accipiter giilaris, Temm. and ScMeg. tl52. Eutolmaetus pennatus ((?m.). 153. Lophotriorchis kieneri *154. Ictinaetus malavensis (Gm.). 132, 133. The shores of the southern portion of the Malay PeninsiiLa arc not suitable for Cormorants, and the most southerly recorded locality is Pulan Lalang, one of the Sembilan Islands, off the mouth of the Perak River. 134. Noted off the coast of Senggora, November, 1901, and near Pulan Tioman, S. China Sea, September, 1907. 135. Seen off Batu, Selangor coast, November, 1906, and at the Area Islands, Straits of Malacca, November, 1906, and Jnne, 1907. 138, 139. Very local and occasionally disappearing for years at a time. Fairly common at Patani, north-east coast in June, 1901. 140, 141, 142. The southerly limit of the A'ultnre in the Malay Peninsula appears to be Kuala Kangsar on the western side and the north bank of the Pahang River on the east. 140. Shot near Taiping about fifteen years ago, and not met with since. 149. Recorded from Singapore by Dr. Hanitsch, but probably belonging to the Burmese race, A. poliopsis, Hume. 150. Two specimens in the Perak Museum, shot near Taiping many years ago, undoubtedly belong to this species. 151. I have followed Ogilvie-Grant in regarding the Malayan Besra as refer- rable to A. gularis and not to the typical A. virgatus. In the mountains, however, a small richly coloured bird is found resembling .4. nifotihial {.•< from Kina Balu, which may possibly be a distinct species. Furtlier material is wanted before the point can be decided. , 72 EAOLES AMI 1 55. S p i z a o t u s 1 i iini a"* t n s {Horfrap.). 174. Falcus peregrinus, Tunst. 175. Falcus severus, Horsf. Family P^.Vi>70.V/Z>.E— OSPREYS. 176. Pandion haliaetus (ii?i?i.). *178. Polioaetus liumilis (Miill. 177. Polioaetus ichthvaetus a,nd Schleg.). iHor^f.). ' \ Order STRTGIFORMES— OWLS. 179. Asio otus {Linn.). 180. Huhua orieutalis (Horf:/.). 181. Ketupa ketujia {Horsf.). 182. Scops malayaua, ifa^. [183. Scops sunia, Hodgs.] 184. Scops lenipiji {Horsf.). 185. Scops sagittata, Casein. 186. Scops rufe.scens {Horsf.). +187. Heteroscops vulpes, Grow/. 188. Niuox scutulata, Kaffies. 189. S V r n i u m s e 1 o p u t o [Horsf). *190. Syrnium newa reuse {Hodgs.). 191. Syrnium maingayi, 192. Gr 1 a u c i d i u m b r o d e i {Hutton). 193. Phot^dilusbadius (fiors/*.). 194. Strix javanica (/for*/.). 1.57. The species is recorded from Anipang, near Kuala Lumpur, Seiangor, by Mr. A. L. Butler, but the specimen is no longer extant. 161. Two specimens, adult and immature, obtained many years apjo near Taiping, are in the Pcrak Museum. A third has recently been obtained near Kuala Lumpur. 163. Equally common with H. leucogaater at Langkawi, 70 miles north of Penang, in December, 1907. 171. A very immature bird from near Taiping. 172. Though very much faded, two mounted specimens in the Singapore Museum appear to belong to tliis race. I obtained a third specimen in Langkawi in November, 1907. 179. A specimea was shot some years ago by Mr. H. N. Eidley in the Botanic (hardens, .Singapore, and is now in the Raffles Museum. 180. Specimens of Bubo cm-omanduM of reputed local origin, and attributed to this specie.**, are in ilie Singapore Museum. Some mistake has probably been made aVjoul locality. 187. So far as is at present known, confined to the high mountains of Selangor and Pahang, t)Ri)ER PSITTACIiORMES -PARROTS. tl95. Palceoruis fasciatus (P. L. 8. MiilL). 196. Palseornis lougicauda (Bodd.). , 199. Loriculus galguhis (Luwh). 197. Psittiuus iucertus (Shmv). *198. Loriciilus vernal is (S2yarrm.). Order C0RACIIF0BME8. Family PODA BGID.E— FR0GM0VTH». f 200. Batracliostomus a u r i t u s (Gray). 201. Batrachostomusstellatus t202. Ba.trachostomus affinis (Blyth). Family CORACIIDyK-ROLL^RS. 203. Coracias aflanis, McClell. 204. Em-ystomus o !• i e n t a 1 i s {Limi.). 205. Eurystomus calonyx, Sharpe. Family ^ZCJ?2)/ATi).«'— KINGFISHERS. 206. Pelargopsis amauroptera {Pears.). *207. Pelargopsis malaccensis, Sharpe. 208. Pelargopsis burmanica, Sharpe. 209. Pelargopsis fraseri, Sharpe. 210. Alcedo bengalensis, 6^«i. *211. Alcedo eiii'yzona, Temm. 212. Alcedo meniutiug, Horsf. 213. Ceyx tridactyla (PoZ/.). 214. Ceyx euerythra, Sharpe. 215. Carcineutes pule hell us (Hor.sf.). 216. Halcyon coromandus (Lath.). 217. Halcyon smyrneusis (Linn.). 218. Halcyon pileatus (Bodd.). 219. Halcyon armstrongi, 220. Halcyon humii, Sharpe. 221. Halcyon cone ret us (Temm.). Family BUCHR0TID.E—H0KNB1LL&. 222. Buceros rhinoceros (Linn.). *223. Dichoceros bicornis (Linn.). 224. Anthracoceros convexus (Te>um.). t225. Anthi-acoceros malabaricus (Gm.). 226. Anthracoceros malavanus (Baffles). 227. Cranorrhinus corrugatus (Temm.). 228. Rhytidoceros undulatus (Shaw). 229. Ehytidoceros subruficollis (Blyth). 230. Anorrhinus galeritus (Tejrtm.). 231. Berenicornis comatus (Baffles). 232. Ehinoplax vigil (Forst.). 195. Seen at Trengganu by Davison, but not aiDparently procured. 198. A northern form extending as far south as Larut, and doubtfully to Klang. 203. Only recorded at present from the vicinity of Patani. 211. Confined to mountainous districts and very rare. 225. Not met with south of Keduh. Numerous on Langkawi — an island on the coast of that State. 229. Met with in large flocks along the west coast during the north-east monsoon, hence Maingay's name " Hydrocissa migratorius." •1 1- A M 1 1, Y TP I PflK t:~ h oo FO F,S , 238. Upupa indica. Tieichenh. Family .VA'/fOP/fl.^-BEK-KATKUS. l':U. Melittopha^us swiuhoii 28(>. Meroi^s philippinus, (Hume). Linn. 28.5. Merops s n mat i* anus (Rnffles^). 237. Nyctiornis (Temin.). a m 1 c t a Family C.lP7?/.Vf.LG/7> .^-GOATSUCKERS. *238. Lvncornis cervineicep.s, ' Gould. 280. Lvncornis temniincki, ' GovM. 240. Caprimul<(us aml)i^uu8, Hartert. +241. Caprimuljj^us jotaka, Temm. and Sell J f (J. Family CrPSELW.?:—H\\IYT%. +242. Collocalia innomiuata, Hartert. +248. Collocalia iuexpect at a, Hione. 244. Collocalia linchi, Horn/, and 245. Collocalia gigas, Hartert. 246. Cliaetura ^iijautea (Temm.). 247. Chaetura iiidica, Hume. 248. Chaetnra fuchiuoliinensis. 249. Chaetura leu cop vgi alls, BhjtJi. t250. Cypselus pacificus {Lath.). 251. Cvp.selus subfurcatus ' (Btyth). 252. Tacliornis infumata, Sclater. 258. Macroptervx longipennis (Rafiii.). 254. Macroptervx comata (Temw.). ( )Ri)ER ri206!O.Vi?,S'— TROGONS. 255. Pyrotrogon neglectus, Forbes and Rohinsfon. 256. Pyrotrogon Ic a s u m b a ' (Raffles). 257. Pyrotrogon erythrocepha- lus (Goiiht). 258. Pyrotrogon d u v a u cell (Temm.). 259. Pyrotrogon orrophseus, Cah. and Heine. 260. Pyrotrogon orescius "(TejHw.j. Order C'OCCl'GS//7,jrOi?/7>.7';-HOXEY.GUIDES. 299. Indicator archipelagicus (Temni.). Family PICIB.f:— WOODPECKERS. 300. Gecinus vittatus (VieiU.). 301 . Gecinus viridanus (BJyfh). 266. A somewhat immature specimen from the Taiping Hills has, Mr. Wray assures me, been identified as this species by comparison at tlie British Museum. 270. High mountains of Selangor, January, 1905. 282. Not occurring south of Kedah, except on the high mountains of Batang Padang. 292, 293, 298. All confined to the zone above 3,000 feet. 294. On the western side not i-ecorded south of Kedah ; on the east, it has been met with in central Pahang. 299. One of the rarest of all Malayan birds, the only Peninsular specimen being the one obtained by Davison, near Klang, and now in the British Museum. 301. Like so many other birds, this species attains its southern limit in Patani and Kedah, 76 AVOODPECKERS-(wH/.) 302. Gocinusrobinsoni, Grant. 303. Gecinus rodgeri, Hartert ami BiiiJer. 304. Gecimis observandus, Har- teii. t305. Gaiiropicoides rafflesi ( Vig.) . 306. Gecimilus viridis, Blyth. 307. lyngipicus pumilus, Hargitt. 308. Ivngipicu.s canicapillus, 'Bhjth. t309. lyngipicus auritus (Gm.). [310. Dendrocopus analis (Horsf.).-] t311. Pvrrhopicus pyrrhotis [Hodgs.). 312. Pyrrhopicus porphyromelas \Boie.). 313. Miglyptes grammitliorax {Mdlh.}. 314. Miglyptfs tukki {Less.). 315. Micropternus brachvurus (Vieill). 310. Micropternus phoDoceps, Bl,/th. 317. Tiga javanonsis {Ljung). 318. Clirysoplilegnia malaccense (Lath.). 319. Chrysoplilegma humii, Hargitt. 320. Chrysoplilegma wrayi, Sharpe. 321. Clirvsocolaptes gutticrista- tus {Tick.). 322. Clirysocolaptes validus {Temm.). 323. Hemicerciis sordidus (-£/?/- ton). 324. Hemicercus canente (Less.). 325. Aloplionerpes pulveruleu- tus {Temm.). 326. Tliripouax javensis (ffor«/.). 327. Picumnus {Burton) . innominatus 328. Sasia abnormis (Temm.). Order HUH rL.EMIF0R3IES-B&0A DB I LLS. 329. Calyptomena viridis, Baffles. 330. Psarisomus dalliousise {Javieson). t331. Serilophus rothschildi, Hartert and Butler. 332. Euryla-mus javauicus, Horsf. 333. Eurylaenius ocliromelass Raffles. 334. Corydon sumatranu, {Raffles). 335. Cymborhyuchus inalaccen- sis, Salvad. Ordee p./i,s'/S'Bi?i;/S— perching birds. *336. Pitta cserulea {Raffles). 337. Pitta cyanoptera, Temm. t338. Pitta megarhyncha, Schleg. 339. Pitta coccinea, Eyton. Family />/rr/Z>zS:-GR()UNDTHIlUSHES. 340. Pitta cucullata, Hartl. 341. Eucichla boschii, Mull, and 342. Eucichla gurneyi, Htime. 302. At present known only from the types from Gnnon.iE;-CUCKOO-SHRIKES. 386. Artamides laruteusis, 388. Vojvocivora negleeta Sharpe. (Hume). 387. Artamides sumatrensis j 389. Pericrocotus flamniif e r , (S. Mull.). ! Hume. 366. Known only, so far as the Malay Peninsula is concerned, from two specimens, both from Pahang. 381. The types arc from Guuong Ijau, Pcrak, and uo other specimens are known. 382. Recently obtained in numbers at Ginting Bidci, Selangor, 2,300 feet. 78 390. Pericrocotus fraterculus, Siciiili. 'SVl. Pericrocotus m out aims, Salvad. 392. Pericrocotus zautliogaster (Baffles). CUCKOO-SHRIKES-(co»«M 393. Pericrocotus igueus, Bhjth. 394. Pei'icrocotus ciuereus, Lafr. 395. Lalaj^e t^rat (Bodd.). 39(1 Lalage culminata {Hay). Family PYCNOyOTID.E -BL J.BLLS. 397. ^4:ilgitluuu viridissima (Bp.). 398. ^githiua tipbia (Li tin.). 399. ^thorhvuchus lafresuavei (Hartl). 4UU. Chloropsis liardwickii, Jard. aud Selhtj. •lUl. Chloropsis zoster ops ( Vuj.). 402. Chloropsis choloroce- phala, Wald. 403. Chloropsis icterocephala (Less.). 404. Chloropsis cyauopogou {Temm.). 405. Irena cyauea, Betjhie. 406. Irena piiella iLnth.). 407. Heniixus cinercus (Bhjth). 408. Hemixus uialaccensis (Blyth). 409. lole olivacea, Bhjth. 410. lole j>eracensis, Hartert. aud Butler. 411. lole virescens, Bhjth. 412. Eu2>tilosus euptilosus (Jard. and Selbij). 413. Microtarsus luelauoce- phalus (Gvi.). 414. Microtarsus cinereiven- tris (Blyth). 41"». Microtarsus melauoleucus ( Eyton). 416. Criniger salangae. Shar2)e. 417. Criniger tephrogcuys (Jard. and Se.lhy). 418. Criniger ochraceiis, Moore. t419. Criniger finschi, Salvad. 420. Alophoixus phseocephalus (ffar//.). 421. Tricholestes criniger (Blyth). 422. Trachvcomus ochroce- phalus (Gm.). 423. Pvcuonotus anal is (Horsf.). 424. Pvcuonotus tinlavsoui }Strirkl.'). 425. Pycnonotus blanfordi, Jerd. 426. Pycnonotus robinsonl, 427. Pvcuonotus pluniosus, Blyth. 428. Pycnonotus simplex, Less. 429. Pycnonotus salvadorii, Shar^^e. 430. Otocompsa emena (Linn.). 431. Otocompsa flaviventris (Tickell). ' 432. RuLigula cvaniveutris (Blyth). 433. Rubigula weWri {Hume). 3U1. Fericiocotng v.ruiji, Sharpc, and P. croceun, Sharpe, have been shown to be synonyms or aberrations of this species, originally described from the mountains of Sumatra. 402, 406. Oidy known fronj the e.xtreine nortli of the Peninsula. 418. Criniyrr ^onliiluy, Eichmond, Proc. 1.'. S. Nat. Mus., xxii., p. 320 (1900), is probably a synonyTii of this species, the author having evidently compared it with the yellower loMland form, C. teplirmjenii'', J. and S. 42.'5. Listed by Bonhote from Biserat Jalor in the interior (f the I'uiani States ou the east coast of the I'eninbula. {/'. /. .S'., 11)01, (i), j). 02). 420. As yet only known from the tyiiet Lo)li. t486. Pnoepyga lepida, Salvad Family TURDID.E-THUlSHEi^. 482. Cutia cervinicrissa, Sharpe. 483. Pterytliius ocralatus (Tickell). 484. Pterytliius tahauensis, Hartert. 485. Mesia argentauris, Hod/js. 487. Geocichla interpres (Temm.). 488. Geocichla citrina {Lath.). 489. Geocichla innotata iBlyth.). 490. Cichloselys davisoni (Hnme). 401. Oreocichla affinis, J?ic/rm. 492. Tardus obscurus (Gm.). t493. Petrophila solitaria (P. L. S. Mali.). *494. Petrophila gularis (Somih.). 495. Henicurus leschenaulti {VieilL). 406. Henicurus schistacous (Hodgs.). 497. Hydrocichla ruficapilla (Temm.). 498. Hydrocichla frontalis (Blyth.). t499. Larvivora cyanea (Pall.). 500. Copsychus music us (Raffles.). 501. CittocincLi macrura ((hn.). 502. Tricliixus pyrrhopygus (Less.). t503. Pratiucolti uiaura (Pall.). t504. Pratiucola caprata (Linn.). Family SrZF/iX».E-AVARBLERS. 505. Acrocophalus orientalis, Temm. aud Schleg. t506. Locustella lanceolata (Tewm.). 507. Sutoria sutoria (Forst.). 508. Sutoria mac u 1 icol 1 i s (Moore). 509. Orthotomus atrigu- laris (Temm.). 510. Orthotomus ruflceps (Less.). oil. Orthotomus cineraceus (Blyth.). 512. Cisticola cisticola (Temm.). t513. Cisticola exilis ( Vig. and ifor.s/V). t514. Franklinia rufescens (Blyth.). 515. Arundinax sedon (Pall). 51(3. Acanthopneusto tenolli- bes (Sii-inh.). 517. Acauthopneuste trochi- loides, Sundev. 518. Acauthopneuste borealis (Bias.). 486. Ganong Batu Puteli, South Perak ; Gunong Tahan, Pahang. 489. As Hume liimsolf considered, it is more than doubtful if this so-willcd species can be separated from C. aibcricu (Pall.). 401. From Trang. United States National Museum. 494. The Perak Museum possesses a single specimen of this rare Hock Thrush from the Taiping Hills. 496. Recorded from Gunong Ijau, Perak, and from the vicinity of the Scmangko Pass, Selangor. 506. Latu, Selangor Coast ; Aroa Islands, Straits .i'— NUT-HATCHES. 535. Deudrophila azurea t536. Dendruj^liila frontalis (Less.). (Sn-ains). 537. Deudro])Iiila saturatior, Hartert. Family C'OK T7i>^'-CR0M'S. 538. Corvus macrorlivnchus, | 540. Cissa robiusuni, trr«/. Oriolus iudicus, Jerd. ] 551. Oriolus zautliouolus, Hursf, 550. Oriolus melanocephalus, Linn. 552, Oriolus con sanguine us, Wardl. Bams. Family STVBXID.ESTXRLiyGii. 553. Eulabes intermedia (Hay). 554. Eulabes javancusis (Osbeck). 520. Higli niountains of Perak, Selangor and Pabaug. 522. Guuoiig Tahan, Pahaiij^. 525. Mountains of South Perak and Pahaiig. 533. Coast line of the northern parts of the Peninsula only. 540. Gunong Tahan and high mountains of Selangor. 541. Coast of Patani. 550. Nut known south of tlio vicinity of Tungkiih (Junk CcvlouJ, Viv., iwr. 82 555 556. [557. STARLIXGS-{(•(y«^) Caloruis chalybea 1 [558. Sturnia nemoricola (Horsf.). I (Jerd.).] Sturnia sinensis (Crin.). j t559. Agrospar sturniuus (PaZ^.). Sturnia malabarica 560. Aeridotheres torquatus, (Gin.).} I Davison. 561. ^thiospar fuscus (TFo^Z.). 562. [563, 564. 565. 566. 578. Family I'LOCHIB^E—WEAVEn BIRDS. 567. Muuia maja (Linn.). 568. Muuia acuticauda, Hudyg. 569. Muuia leucogastra (Blyth.). 570. Muuia puuctulata (Linn.). 571. Erythura prasina (Sparrin.). 572. Chlorura borneensis, S1iarj[)i;. Sporseginthus amandava (^Linii.).] Sporseginthus flavidi- ventris (WaUace).} Ploceus inexpectatus, Hadert. Muuia orvzivora (Linn.). Mimia atricapilla (VieilL). Famu.v FJiiyOILLin.E 'Vl'SVliEti. Passer uioutauus, i 574. Pyrrliula waterstradti, Linn. Hartert. t575. Emberiza aureola, Pall. 577. 578. Family .VOr.lC'/Xi/i'.K-nAGTAILS. Motacilla feldeggii, Mich. Motatilla uielauupe, Pcdl. Motacilla borealis, S (I It dec. 579. Motacilla taivanus, Swinh. 580. Limouidromus iudicus {Gm.). t581. Autlius riciiardi, VieilL 582. Autlius malayensis, Eyton. Family yECTARiyiIDJi->i\:'SBl^\iii. 583. Chalcostetha pectoralis (Tern Id.). 584. ^thopyga wrayi, Sharjje. 585. ^thopvga temmincki (Horsf.). 586. .^tliopygasiparajafifo/-*/.), t587. ^tboijyga cam, Hume. t588. ^tbopyga anomala, Bichm. 589. Aracbuectbra hasselti (Temni.). 5.57, 558. 15oth these species occur (Jkle Hanitsch) in Singapore, not been met with elsewhere in the Peninsula. Tliey have ofjO. As ret known only from tlie type from central Tahang. .">62, 563. The records of these species from Singapore are probably due to escapes from captivity. Hoth are found in large numbers in the bird shops of the citv. 571. Rare; the only authentic localities are Klang, Selangor, and Bentong, Pahang. 572. The only sijccinien as yet secured is a female from tlie Telom valley Imrders of Perak and Paliang at nearly 4.00(} fcot. .587. ObuiineSTEEOPID.E—V,'}ilTE EYE8. t613. t614. Zosterops palbebrosa (Temm.). Zosterops aureiveuter, Himie. 615. Zosterops tahanensis, Grant, 616. Zosterops simplex, Sivinh. 613, 61G. Fouiicl only in the north of the Peninsuki and possibly seasonal visitors. SUMMAEY. Total number of species in Fauna Kepreseuted both ill Perak aud Selaugor Museums ... ill Selaugor Museum oulv Total iu Selaugor Museum Kepreseuted iu Perak Museum only ... Total in Perak Museum 376 88 2B 616 464 399 REPORT ON A SAMPLE OP LEAD ORE FROM PAHANO. By L. WRAY. "V/TR. CECIL WRAY, the British Resident, Pahang. sent me a sample of galena, obtained from the alluvial in the Kuantau District, for exaiuiuatiou. The ore, which is in small •watei'worii fragmeutt;, without any admixtiue of gang, came froiii Suugei Jambu, 84 Kuiiutiin. The vallev is rather small with low hills ou either side. The kanuKj or wash-dirt, which was being worked for tin, as the miners approached the high ground on the north side of the valley, held more and more galena, mixed with the tin oxide, and when the foot of the hill was reached, the lead ore was found in masses. It is reported to be the outcrop of a lode. Lead occurs, associated with tin oxide, iron pyrites and copper ores, in the Pahang Consolidated Company's lode deposits at Suugei Limbing, so that it is just possible that lode tin ore may be discovered at Suugei Jambu also. Taiping, Pkrak, :^dth October, 1907. SiK. — I have the honour to inform you that I have assayed the sample of alluvial galena, from Kuantau, that you sent me some time back, with the following results : Lead ... ... ... ... 78 per cent. Silver ... ... ... ... 1 oz. 12 dwt. 6 grs. per ton 2. The galena is of good quality, as far as its lead contents are concerned ; for not only is the percentage high, 1)ut the metallic button obtained was soft under the hammer and evidently free from impurity. 3. The proportion of silver is so small that it would not pay to extract. It is, in fact, the j)oorest galena I have ever assayed from the Malav Peninsula. 1 have, etc., L. WRA-Y, Thb- Bkitish Kesident, Director of Mmevim, F.M.8. Pahang. REPORT ON THE MUSEUMS DEPARTMENT FOR THE YEAR 190(3. PEKAK STA'JE MUSEUM. isJATISFACTORY progress was made in all the departments during the year, the greatest additions being made to the ethnological and economic sections. Pahang, Tringganu, Negri Sembilau, Selangor and Malacca were visited, and large Cf)llection8 made in these States: while the Singapore Agi'i-Horticultural Show yielded, as did the previous one held in Kuala Lumpur, quite an extensive series of specimens. 85 2. Tlio local ethnological room, certainly, now contains the most complete Malayan collection in existence. It is still, of course, far from perfect, but since the newer portion of the building was available for the housing of it, very satisfactory progress has been made in filling up the gaps which previously existed. 3. The economic section has now assumed, as it should in a State like Perak, quite an important position. The room is not yet finished, but a great deal has been done towards its completion, by the collection of the necessary specimens, and in the year 1907 the original intention will l>e nearly fulfilled. It is the only collection of the kind which has been, so far, attempted in Malaya. 4. A point has now been reached in the history of the Museum, when it again becomes necessary to consider the question of additional space. The last enlargement, which was begun in 1900 and finished by the end of 1903, is at present practically full, as is also the space which was rendered available in the older portions of the building by the rearrangement of the collections, when the new galleries were occupied. Adequate space is also urgently I'equired for the proper accommodation of the librarv, herbarium and the study collections: and some provision should be made for a small reading room. An inexpensive block, very similar to that last added, only 20 feet longer, would meet the reqviirements of the case. 5. The Perak Museum was founded in January of 1883, so that the year imder review is the 24th of its existence. The central portion of the present building was begun in 1886, and it has been added to from time to time as it became overcrowded. When con- sidering the progress which has been made, and comparing it with that of other institutions of a similar character and age, it should be remembered that the funds available for general expenses have been very limited in extent, and that out of this small annual vote the whole cost of the case building and fittings has had to be defrayed. 6. The registration and cataloguing of the contents of the Museum was proceeded with, and 2,700 specimens were registered ; 846 of these being new accessions. Up to the end of the year, 13,000 cards had been used, exclusive of guides and subsidiary entries. It was found necessary to obtain a second eight-drawer card-cabinet, as the first had become congested. This should give sufficient accom- modation for the next three or four years, at the present rate of progress. Five hundred and eleven new labels were typed, poisoned and mounted on cards. This work Avas much delayed in consequence of changes in the clerical staff, neither of the new clerks knowing how to use a typewriter at the time of appointment, and one lieing, up to the end of the year, incapable of using-the instrument. There are many thousands of old and dirty labels which require replacing with new ones, and thousands more of manuscript ones which should be typed. 86 7. The iiuinhcr of visitors coiitiimps to iuoroase. year hy year, in the most satisfactory manner. Tlie total for tlie year was 61,449, being the greatest number ever recorded. It is also pleasant to be able to i-eport that there has been no case of damage to the Museum or to the exhibits, or of misbehaviour on the part of any of the many persons who have visited the Institution. 8. The Curator, Mr. Knocker, was absent on leave from the 1st of March to the end of the year. Mr. E. Keilich, the Taxidermist, acted for the Cui'ator, and Mr. Yong Fook, the Assistant Taxider- mist, for the Taxidermist. There were three changes in the appoint- ment of Caretaker and Clerk, and from having a man at the top of Tirade III, the present occupant is at the very bottom of that Grade. 9. In consequence of the fixing of the dollar at 2s. 4r7., a saving was effected on the estimates of 8715.15, from the salaries of Messrs. Knocker and Keilich. SELAXaOR STATE :\[ITSEUM. 10. The new Museum building was handed over by the Public Works Department during the year, and by the end of it the greater part of the case building was finished. A portion of the painting, glazing and fitting remained to be done, and some of the cases in the central hall were not comj>leted. The sum of ii^7,378.56 was expended on cases, and the general effect of the galleries, considering the low cost of construction, is hy no means bad. 11. The collections were removed from the old building to the new. The old cases and fittings were sold and realised 8340.93. The work of installing the specimens was begun ami carried on, as far as the state of the cases would allow. 12. Collecting proceeded throughout tlie year and many addi- tions wore made to all the departments. An Assistant Ctirator was appointed and arrived in August. He has already made very con- sidemble progress in collecting and mounting various zoological specimens, but it will necessarily l>e some years before this portion of the collection is brought up to a satisfactory standard. In the early part of the year, prior to his appointment, a good many birds and mammals were sent to be mounted in England. Nearly the whole of the old collection of mammals will have to be discarded as soon as l)ett€r mounted examples of the various species can be procured. 13. The wing set apart for the ethnological collection, although this is strictly local in character, is already becoming congested. GENERAL. 14i One numl)er of the " Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums " was issued during the year, and the MS. for another was sent to the Government Printer in December. Material for other numbers was in liand, and the preparation of a g'uide to the Perak Museum and the report on the Cxunono- Tahan Expedition, to- gether with the iHustrations for these two latter works, was far advanced. 15. Tlie birds and reptiles obtained daring this expedition have been Avorked out at the British Museum, and the Federated Malay States share has been returned. These specimens will add many novelties to both Museums. 16. A considerable number of botanical specimens of economic plants have been collected and sent to the herbarium of H.H. Prince Eoland Bonaparte. Including one consignment sent in December, 1905, 114 plants have l>een forwarded up to the end of 1906. L. WRAY, Director of Museinns, F.M.S. REPORT ON THE PERAK MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1906. O THE r.riLDlNG. WING to the ravages of the white ants, the roof of the Laboratory and Workshop had to be removed, and a new one built in its place, the galvanized iron rooting tiles were used again. Two Dormer- windows were at the same time built in the eastern side of the roof, this has greatly improved the light in the building. Before the old roof was removed, a temporary atap roof was placed over the building, thereby preventing the interior and the contents from being damaged by rain. The Museiim was closed to the public for two days — the 26th and 27th of July — for a general cleaning, and all the wooden floorings were washed, and afterwards dressed with earth oil and kerosene. CASES. Nine shallow wall cases, size 3 ft. by 1 ft. 11 ins., were made and fixed on the walls of the Economic Botany room, four of which contain fibres, two native medicinal plants, one native drugs and two specimen blocks of native woods. Twenty frames, size 12| ins. by 9| ins., were also made for showing mounted botanical specimens, and there are 34 mounted specimens awaiting the completion of more frames. Eight two-drawer cabinets, size of drawer 3 ft. by 1 ft. 9 ins. by 4 ins. deep, have been made and fixed under one of the table cases in the upper Ethnological room. 88 Z00I,0(1V. The foUowinsa: mamnials and birds were added \o this soction : MAMMALS. A Malayan Bear, female ( Ursus malayanns) ; A Burmese Civet, male (Viverra megaspUa) ; A Flying Lemur, male (Galeojyithecus vnlans) ; A Grey Agile Gil>lx>n. female (Hylohate>< agilis) ; Tavo Bats, male and female (Meijodenita s^pasuui). BIRDS. A Black Bittern, male (Dnpeior favicollis) ; A Lesser Coucal, male (Ceniroims hengahiisis) ; Three Yoimg Coucals {Ceniropns hongalens^h) ; A Crested Goshawk, female (Lophospiziaa trivirgafiis) ; A Burmese Peafowl, male (Pavo viuticus) ; Two Argus Pheasants, male and female (Argnsiaima argus) ; A White-breasted Kingfisher, female (Halcyon ^myrnensis) ; A Malayan-pied Hornbill, male (Anthracoceros malayann) ; A Malaccan Yellow-naped Woodpecker, male (ChrysopJilegma malaccensifi). The alcohol in all the jars of the reptile collection was changed, and the discoloured spii-it was re-distilled in the Laboratory ; alto- gether over 40 gallons of clear alcohol passed through the still. r.OTANY. About 66 specimens were mounted and added to the Herbarium, some more additions were made to the rubber exhibits, by the Superintendent of the Government Plantations, Mr. T. W. Main. A very fine collection of fibres, medicinal plants, essential oils, etc.. were given V)y the Manager of the Kamuning Estate, Mr. A. D. Machado. Seventeen plaster of Paris models of fruits — i.e., machangs, mangoes and pisangs — were cast and coloured to nature for the fruit collection. Nineteen framed botanical sj^ecimens, a good many produce samples in glass-topped tins and a series illustrating the newly discovered anti- opium plant and its use were added to this section. GEOLOGY. Five verj' handsome specimens were presented to this department by Mr. E. Gervais, of the French Tin Mining Company, Lahat; Mr. Cecil Wray contributed three specimens from Pahang, particulars of which are given in the donation list; and a large number of 81) specimens have been transferred from the Selangor State Museum. Messrs. G. and C. E. Cumming gave specimens of tin ore, the former from SaUxk South, Selangor, and the latter from a tin vein in granite, showing polished surface of slickensides. ETHNOLOGY. Quite a large number of valuable specimens have l)een added to this section, the result of some collecting trips made l>v the Director of Museums in Pahang, Tringgauu, Negri Sembilan and Malacca, and a visit to the Agri-Horticultural Show, Singapore. The Cin-ator, Mr. F. W. Knocker, also obtained a few Sakai specimens in his trip to Ney:ri Sembilan in Febiiiarv. -n' Twelve papier-mache models were made from four iron implements found in Selangor and Batang Padang. One set was presented to the British Museum and another to the Selangor Museum. Plaster casts of eight cannon balls, found in various places, were made and coloured. EECIISTEATIOX AND CATALOGUTNCI. A new eight-drawer card-cabinet was obtained, and registration and cataloguing has been carried on throughout the year in all the sections of the Museum. The total numl^er of thiugs registered amounts to 2,700, the total number of cards written to date, exclusive of guides, etc., is 13,000. The number of new accessions registered.. during the year was 846. The number of cards added to the Library Ca.talogue was 75, and 511 tickets were typed. THE LIBRARY. There were many additions to the Library by presentation, and the additions by purchase are as follows : " British Malaya," by Sir Prank Swettenham ; " Museums Journal," Vol. 3 of 1903-4," Vol. 4 of 1904-5; "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Straits Branch " ; " Philippine Journal of Science " ; " Colonial Office List"; "The Straits Directory"; " Whitakers' Almanac" for 1906; "Who's Who" for 1906; "Who's Who in the Far East" for 1906; "Vocabulary of Malay Medical Terms," by Dr. P. N. G-errard; " Carchester : a Tale of West and East," by a Pilgrim ; the second edition of the " Living Races of Mankind," 2 Vols. ; " Journal of Indian Art and Industry," Vol. X ; Bland's " Historical Tomb- stones of Malacca " ; Giles' " Religions of Ancient China " ; " The Life of Sir Andrew Clarke " ; " Chinese Porcelain," by W. G. GuUand ; " Pottery and Porcelain Marks," by Hooper and Phillips ; " Elephant and Seladang Hunting in Malaya," by T. R. Hubback ; " Heroes of Exile," by Hugh Clifford. 90 LTRT OF DONATIONS TO TTIE PERAK STATE MUSEUM LIBRARY FOR 190G. Biological Society of Wash- inoton, u.s.a. : " Proceedings of the Biological Society, Description of a New Species of Acordium from the Philippines," by Oakes Ames. Egyptian Government Zoolo- gical Gardens, Giza (per the Director, Captain Stanley S. Flower) : " Eepoi-t of the Giza Zoological Gardens for 1905." Federal Secretary: " Blood-s\icking Flies, Ticks and how to Collect Them" (bv E E. Austen). Government Printer: " Enactments, Pahang, 1905." „ Negri Sembilan, 1905." Selangor, 1905." Perak, 1905." HoBSON, Mr. S. G. : " The Ball." Indian Museum, Calcutta (per the Tnistees of the Indian Museum) : " Annual Report for 1 904- 1 905 . " "Catalogue of the Indian Decaj)od Crustacea in the collection of the Indian Museum," Part III, Mac- rnra. Kew Eoyal Botanic Gardens : "Bulletin :«f Miscellaneous In- formation " for 1906. King, Colonel Sir George, K.C.I.E. : " Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula." Nos. 16, 17 and 18. Kyoto Imperial University (per the Secretary, Hajime Ishi- kawaj : "The Kvoto Imperial Univer- sitv Calendar" for 190.5- 1906. Lloyd, Mr. C. G. : " Bulletin of the Lloyds Library Mycological Series," No. 8. " Index of the Mvcological Writings," bv C. G. Llovd, Vol. 1, 1898-1905. " Mycological Notes," bv C. G. Lloyd, Vol. 1, 1898-1905. "Mvcological Notes," by C. G. Llovd, Mav, 1905. " MvcologicalNotes," by C. G. Llovd, June, 1905. "The Tvlostome*," bv C. G. Lloyd. " Louisiana Planter " (per the Editor) : Complete Issues for 1906. MacGregor, Mr. R. C. : " Birds from Mindoro and small adjacent Islands." " Notes on Three Rare Luzon Birds." " A Hand List of the Birds of the Philippine Islands." Manchester Museum (per the Director, Dr. W. E. Hoyle) : " Notes from the Manchester Museiim." " Calendar of Lectures and Ad- dresses for 1906-1907." " Manchester Museum Report for 1906-1907." Montevideo Museo Nacional (per the Director-General) : " Anales del Museo Nacional de Montevideo." Otago University Museum : " Curator's Annual Report for 1905 " (2 copies). " Perak Pioneer " (per the Editor) : Complete Issues for 1906. Plymouth Museum and Art Gallery (per the Curator, Mr. E. E. Lowe, f.l.s.) : " Annual Report for 1905." 91 LIST OF DONATIONS TO THE PE FOK 1906 Eaffles Library and Museum. Singapore : " Amnial Report for 1905." Royal Colonial Institute : "Journal of the Roval Colonial Institute." "Sessions, 1905-190()," Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. "Sessions, 1906-1907,"- No. 1. Sarawak Museum (per the Cura- tor, Mr. J. Hewitt, b.a.) : " Report of the Sarawak Musenm for 1905." SCRIVENOR, Mk. J. B. : " Fossils from Singapore," bv R. Bnllen Newton, f.g.s. Secretary to Resident, Perak : " Agricultural Bulletin of the Straits and Federated Malay States," Vol. V, 1906. " ProgTamme of the Presenta- tion of Colours to the Malay States Guides." " Federated Malay States Civil Service List " "for 1906. " Bulletin of the Imperial Insti- tute," Vol. IV, Nos. 1 and 2. " Scenery Preservation," the Government of New Zealand. Selangor Museum (per the Cura- tor, Mr. H. C. Robinson) : " Catalogue of the Selangor Government Library." "The Annals and Magazine of Natural History," Vol. XV, Nos. 86, 87, 89, 90. 91, 92, 98 and 94. RAK STATE MUSEUM LIBRARY "Singapore Free Press" (per the Editor) : Complete Issue for the half of year for 1906. Smith, Senator the Honour- able Staniforth : • "Report on the Federated Malay States and Java." Smithsonion Institution, U.S.A. : " Bulletin of the United States National Museum," Nos. 54 and 55. " Annual Report of the Smith- sonion Institution," 1904. " Proceedings of the United States National Museum," Vol. XXVIII and XXIX. " Contributions from the United States National Herl)a- rium," Vol. X, Parts 1 and 2. " Contril)utions from the United States National Hoo Flageolet from Negri Sembilan. I'our Tobacco Pouches, made by Sakais under Enropeau suj)ervisiM)!. JVoin JJataug Padang.' PEKAK STATE MUSKUM (co)lt.) elangor State Museum — (cant.) Pair of Rice Bags made by Sakais, Batang Padang. Bullets found in the Fort, Kuala Selangor. Two White Metal Buttons of Selangor Police. Two White Metal Buttons of F.M.S. Police, Selangor. Sapphires from Ceylon. Verde Antique Marble from San Bernardin Co., Cali- fornia. Fibrous Gypsum from Paris, France. Petrified Shells, Twigs, etc., by deposit of Carbonate of Lime. Gypsum from France. ,, Paris, France. Encrinal Marble, Les Ecaus- siucs, Belgique. Selenite (Sulphite of Lime) San Joaquim Co., Calif oi'nia. Two Stalactites from Cave, Calaveras Co., California. Skull of Simla Satyrus, Linn., the Orang Utan or Mias from Borneo. Skull of Babii'usa {Bahirusa alfurus) from the Celibt's. Twenty-three Species Fossils from Paris, Basin. One Sterna dougalli. One Cyanojjs ramsayi. One Stcrnd luelauauchen. One Poliollitinns cinereus. One Alophoims i)haeoce'phcdus. One Aathothreptes hyiwgram- mica. One Anuroptiis mcdaccennw. One Turdhnilus humei One Rhipidura perlata. Obsidian Bombs from Kuantau, Pa hang. Mineral and Rock Speci- ]ucn:5. 95 LIST OF DONATIONS TO THE PKHAK STATE MUSEUM FOR 190G— ('-/W.) SUMNEB, Mb. H. : Two pairs of Brass Stirrups from Pekau. Stoney, Mr. B. O. : Portrait of Sir Frauk Swctteu- hani. Taylor, Sib W. T., k.c.m.g. : Seveuteeu Dutch East ludiau Coins of tlie Eighteenth Century. ToH Khay Beng, Mr. : Iron Pyrites from Pulau Laug- kawi. Twiss, Mb. F. R. : Cicada. Upton, Mr. H. S. : Paddle from Port Dickson. Vadamalia Thamby, Mr. : Lizard. Wagner, Mb. C. : One Cap Badge of the First Perak Sikhs. One Worked Badge of the First Perak Sikhs. Wbat, Mb. Cecil : Chert Kock from Beiiiis, Ben- tong, Pahang. Carbonate of Lead from the Duff Development Co., Kelantau. Amaug containing Monazite from Sungei Lima, Uhi Dong, Pahang. Stanniferous Grarnet Rock from Triang, Pahang. Wray, Mb. Leonabd., i.s.o. : Comb of Large Malay Bee. YoNG FooK, Mb. : Lizard. Four small Chinese Coins, Young, Mb. C. : G-rasshopper. GENERAL. A gift of the following animals — a male grey white-handed Gibbon (Hyhhafes Jar), collected Ijy the Curator, Mr. Knocker, from Sakais in the Ulu Plus ; a male Leopard Cat {Felis betujalensis) ; and also three Macaque Monkeys {Macacus fascicular is), an adult female with young and a young male — was made to the Zoological Society of London. These animals were taken to England by Mr. Knocker and arrived safely in the Society's Gardens by the end of March. N'lSlTOlvS. The number of visitors during the year has exceeded those of all previous years. The figures for the last five years are as follows : 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 40,022 ... 46,685 ... 52,85-1 ... 55,103 ... 61,449 This shows yearly increases of i^,Wo, 6,169, 2,249 and 6,o46 respectively. 96 The f(.)llowiug tiil)le gives the details oi' lulniissioii Mouth. Davs * Maxi- Miiii- Total. Daily oi)en. 111 u in. iimm. average. Jaiiuarv 24 418 131 5,593 233.04 Februarv 23 520 71 5.519 239.95 March ... 26i 246 110 4,405 166.22 April 21 1,445 107 5,300 252.38 Mav 26 343 100 5,276 202.92 June ... 23 343 150 4,697 204.21 July 24 390 119 4,221 175.87 August 26 500 90 4,451 178.04 September 25 250 62 4,250 170.00 October 27 2,118 69 7,725 286.11 Noveml)er 24 342 79 4.889 203.70 Deceuil)er 23 359 164 5,123 222.73 Meau 24.29 606.16 104.33 5,120.75 211.26 As the total number recorded by the turnstile was 61,449, and the number of days the Museum was open to the public was 291^, there was a mean daily average of 210.80 visitors. The greatest number of visitors lor one mouth was 7,725, registered during October. The largest daily number was 2,118, this occurred on the 29th October, the o]>euing of the newlv erected Tanda-i-Thapani Temple at the Waterfall. Other large daily attendances were recorded as shown below : Hindu Festival, called Panguni Ootharam (7th April) ... 1,445 Chinese Festival, the 15th of the 8th moon (2nd Octoljer) 1,232 Hindu Festival, called Tai Pusum (8th February) ... 520 First day of Race Meeting (23rd August) 500 The Consul-Oeueral for Grermany in the Straits and Federated Malav States visited the Museum on the 19th of January ; the Earl and Countess of Carnarvon, the Countess of Lanesborough, and Mr. Kelway Bamber, the Ceylon Government Chemist, on the 5th of FebruarA- : H.H. Tungku Mohamed, c.m.g., Yang di }>er Tuan of Negri Sembilan, H.H. Suleiman bin Almerhum Raja Musa, Sultan of Selangor. the British Resident of Selangor, and the Resident-General on the 12th of Febiaiary ; Professor Engler, Director of Botanical Gardens, Ik-rlin, on the 24th of February ; Seuator the Honourable Stanjiifoi-th Smith, Cf S23(». s3,8o<» was voted, wliii-h was spent as follows : (1) Collecting' trips aud transport ... ... ... Sb'98.72 (2) SiKH?imeus i»92.79 (3) Taxidermist's outfit and stores ... ... 451.29 (4) Preservatives, collecting and cleaning,' materials 325.89 (5) Mounting,' I'irds and nianinials... ... ... 179.64 (Gj Plates for •• Mubeiuu Journal " ... ... 53.24 (7) Books and f>enodicals ... ... 200.00 (8) Postage and petty cash 78.86 (9; Freight and insurance charges... ... ... 101.21 (10) Repairs and sundries ... ... ... ... 159.12 (11) B<-)nus to colk-ctors 108.00 (12) Folding ladder and case fittings ... ... 113.11 (13) Uniforms 41.50 3. Including a snpplementarv provision of SoOO, J<8,223 was pro- vider! to complete the furnishing of the Museum, and bv the end of the year this work had been almost completed, all the wall and table cases for the two main galleries having been finished and glazed., while those for the central hall were well advanced. Tlie follr»wiug charges Avere incurred on tlie vote : (1) Labour ?2,375.76 (2) Plate glass ... 2,237.15 (3) Painting and i^olishing 1.432.40 (4) Metal work 491.16 (5) Freight and handling charges ... ... 467.19 (6) Tlm^)er ^ 374.90 (7) Glass-topped boxes ... ... ... ... 272.66 (8) Catalogue cabinet 137.29 (9) Office furniture 90.50 (10) Tank in photographic room ... ... ... 25.00 4. Three insect cabinets by a leading London maker were pur- chased and installed at a total cost of §892.49. 5. The expenses of removal amounted to a sum of S165.02. on a total estimate of 85lu8 specimens amounted to S142.18. Under authority previously obtained !^1 34.94, including a debit balance from 1905, was expended on ethnographical sj^ecimens, leaving a Ijalance of 87.24 to the credit of the fund. Tlie sale of unserviceable cases in the old Museum realised a net sum of s34(>.93. 99 MSITUKS. During the x'emoval from the old Museum aniu'chased, including Dr. Rudolf Martin's monographic wc>rk on the Sakai and Semang Tribes of the Malay Peninsula. As in previous years several contributions have been received from the Trustees of the British Museruu, the United States National Musemn and the Department of the Interior, Philippine Islands. EXOBANCJES. A few reptiles were received from the British Museum in exchange for others, and a complete set of " Novitates Zoologicse," a valuable publication containing man}- important monographs, from the Hon. AValter Rothschild, in return for some rare birds from the mountains of Selangor. PUBLICATIONS. One number of the " Joui*nal of the Federated Malay States Museums " was published during the year while another was in the pi-ess. The preparation of the illustrated report on the Gunong Tahau Expedition was far advanced. ADDITIONS. I.- — ZOOLOGICAL. As in previous years the high mountains in the vicinity of the Pahang boundary were visited with very satisfactory results, several extremely rare species of birds having been obtained. In June ten days were spent on the island of Tioman and a large collection of small mammals formed, including most of the varieties collected by the American naturalist, Dr. Abbott, and several others in addition. This collection, as well as other specimens from the adjacent islands of Pemmangil, Aor and Tinggi, have been forwarded to the British Museum and will be reported on in due course. The Dyak Collectors also visited Rantau Panjaug in the Selangor low country jungle and Gunong Angsi in Negri Sembilan with satisfactory results. The Curator's duties as Inspector of Fisheries enabled him to visit several of the small islands in the Straits of Malacca, and several interesting birds and animals were obtained on Pulau Jai'ak and the Pulau Sembilan, and a large collection of over 200 skins was formed by tlie Assistant Curator in Pulau Jem or. le to mnploy Malays. H. C. PtOBINSON, Ciirator. ON MAMMALS COLLECTED BY Mr. H. C. ROBINSON ON TIOMAN AND AOR ISLANDS, S. CHINA SEA. By OLDFIELD THOMAS, f.r.s. T HAVE been entrusted l)y Mr. H. C. Robinson, of the Kuala Lumpur Museum, with a number of mammals collected by him during 1906 on certain of the smaller islands round the Malay Peninsula. The majority were obtained on the islands of Tioman and Aor, off the east coast of Johore ; and in the present paper I confine myself to these, as those from other localities are of little special importance. The mammals of Tioman and Aor have hitherto only been known from papers by Mr. G. S. Miller on the material collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott, and now in the U.S. National Museum. In his first paper on the subject * Mr. Miller gave a list of the species obtained on Tioman in 1899, while the Aor ones and some additional Tioman species are included in a later paper.f Mr. Miller's Tioman list is as follows : Sciurus tenuirostris Macaca " cynomolgus " { = fascicularis) Tupaia sordida Parad oxurus hermaphrodi- tus „ tenuis Mus stridens „ tiomanicus oliscin"us Ratufa tiomanensis + | Tragulus rufulus § Mr. Robinson obtained all of these, with the exception of Sciurns tenuis, Mus stridens and M. ohscnrus, and, in addition, the following: Pteropus hypomelanus lepi- Rhinosciurus robinsoni, .'. § Tioman was again visited in Sept., 1907, when Mus stridens, Sciurus tenuis, and a form of Schirus hilimitatus which may possibly prove distinct were obtained. Several bats vrere also collected, amongst them being Cheiromeles torquatus and an EmbaUonura very close to E. peninsuJaris which is widely distributed throughout the Peninsula and adjacent islands. The only species from the island which has not been secured is Mus pullus, Miller, a synonym of Mus obscurus, Miller, which is preoccupied in the genus. Dr. Abbott obtained a single specimen of it. The "species" is very doubtfully distinct from the form of M, concolor, Blyth, inhabiting the mainland. — H.C.R, Sept., 3908. 102 Of Dr. Abbott's Aor luaininals no list was published, but all the species obtained by Mr. Robinson have been described in the second paper above quoted. With regard to the vexed question as to whether binomial or trinomial names should be used for the various closely allied races of the same type, when isolated in islands, I am strongly of opinion that the balance of convenience is in favour of trinomials, at least in large genera such as Sciurjis and Mns, where binomials give no idea of the relationship of the animals. In certain cases, however, Avhere I am morally convinced that a subspecific rather than a specific name is advisable, and yet where I have not had the opportunity or material to work out the group for myself, I have adopted the compromise of inserting the parent name in brackets, and so indicating the alliance of the animal dealt with. ArVCACA rVSCICrLARIS, Rapf. ? 298. Jnara Bay, Tioman. PTEROPIS HYPOMELAXrS LEPIDU.«!, Mill. (?280, 290 (yg.), 329. Juara Bay, Tioman. I am informed hy Dr. Andersen that this Fruit-bat, described as P. lejnchiii by Miller, should be considered as a local subspecies of the widely-spread P. Injpomelanns. " Not uncommon on this island and on Piilo Aor. but not flying in great flocks like P. mrnpynia.'" — H. C. R. GALEOl'TERUS* AORIS, Mii.r.. (? 278 ; ? 276, 277, 280. Pulo Aor. These specimens are quite uniform in the size of their skulls and teeth, and differ markedly from the Tioman species. Two are in the grey phase and two in an intermediate phase between gi'ey and nifous. ftALEOPTERUS TAYLORI, sj,.)i. f the mainland sjiecies. Tentli very largi'. Tyi>e in red plmse. In colour and other external characters quite like a specimen of G. tellonis, Lyon, in the red phase. Hands and feet finely spotted with white. Skull of the single specimen, although immature, already decidedly larger than in G. ooris, and almost eqixalling small examples of the mainland species, to the size of which when full-grown it might have •Formerly Gahopithecu". See Thos. Anu. & Mafr. Xat. H).st., March, 1908., p. 254. 103 attained. Teeth very large, inuoh larger than in any of the northern members of the group, and only equalled by those of the very much larger Javan species. Dimensions of the Type (immature), measured in flesh : Head and body, 388 mm. ; tail, 179 ; hind foot. 49 ; ear, 16. Skull : condylo-basal length, 66 ; basal length, 61.5 ; zygomatic breadth, 42.3 ; interorbital breadth, 17 ; tip to tip of postorl)ital pro- cesses, 31.5 ; palatal length, 31 ; breadth of mesopterygoid fossa, 12.3 ; length of upper tooth series, 35, of anterior maxillary tooth (p'^ ) 7.1, of second ditto ( p^ ) 5.8. of |)^ and the three upper molars together 15, of Pa 7.2, oi p^ 7.5 ; three lower molars together 12.1. Hab. and Type as above. This species is characterised by the great proportionate size of its teeth, which considerably exceed those of any of the geographically neighbouring forms, and equal those of the much larger Javan animal. At the suggestion of Mr. Robinson I have named this new Flying- lemur in honour of Sir W. T. Taylor, k.c.m.g., Eesident-Greneral, Federated Malay States, who rendered the exploration of these islands possible by permitting the use of the Grovernment yacht " Meran " for the purpose. TUPAIA SORDIDA, Mill. T. c. p. 231. ^321; ?320. Jiiara Bay, Tioman, Topotypes. PARADOXURUS HERMAPHRODITUS, Pall. (J 297. Juara Bay, Tioman. PETAURISTA MELANOTUS, Gray. (J 294, 296; $295. Juara Bay, Tioman. These specimens differ considerably in the size of their skulls, that of 294, being about as large as in examples from Malacca, while 295 is little longer than the small P. nitidula of the Natunas. RATUFA (MELANOPEPLA) TIOMANENSIS, Mill. P. Wash. Ac. ii. p. 130 (1900). ^283,286,287,288,289; $284,28.5. Juara Bay, Tioman. Topotypes. Several characters, external and cranial, are given by Mr. Miller for the distinction of the Tioman Ratufa, but the only one which this series confirms is the slightly shorter tail, and as his own measurements completely intergrade, I should certainly consider the animal as merely a subspecies of the mainland form. 104 SCIURrS (VITTATUS) TEXriROSTTlIS. Mltl,. P. Wash. Ac. ii. p. 221, fig. 13c (skull) (1900). (J307. 3(T9, 310, .'^12, 313, 314, 315. 316. 318; $308, 311, 317. 319. Jnara Bay, I'lilo Tionian. Evidently the comuiouest species in Tioman. It is a larger form than the representative of the same group in Aor and Pemangil. SCIIRIS (VITTATUS) "AORLS," Mill. Smiths. Misc. Coll. xlv. p. 10 (1903). c? 301, 303; ? 300, 302. Pulo Aor. Topotypes. Mr. Robinson also collected three Squirrels of this group on Pemangil Island, close to Aor, and these would represent Miller's 8. pemangilensis, described just before S. aoris. I confess I fail to see any difference between the specimens from the two islands, though I provisionally use the name given to the Aor form. RHIXOSCllRUS ROBINSONI, sp. n. (J340, 341, 343 ; ? 337, 338, 3.39. .342. Juara Bay, Pnlo Tioman. More allied to the Bornean B. Jaticavdatus, M. & S., than to the Malayan B. tvpaioidea. Gray * : the tail-hairs broadly washed with ochraceous. General colour above altout as in B. tupaioides, paler than in a specimen from N. Borneo, which I provisionally accept as B. latl- caudottis. Centre of back blackish, rump more ochraceous, especially on sides, the whole dorsal area less uniform than in laticaudahis. Flanks above line of demarcation little suffused with buffy, while the belly itself, as in Jnticaudatvs, is buffy throughout, being more ochraceous buffy posteriorly. Crown dark grizzled olive. Ears with an inconspicuous light patch Vjehind them. Limbs darkening terminally, becoming blackish on the hands and hind toes as in B. laticaudatvs. Tail-hairs black basally and subterminally, the second and terminal rings buffy or ochraceous Ituffy, similar to each other, or the terminal ring even darker than the subbasal ; in the other species the ends are lighter than the subbasal rings, buffy white in laticavdat'us and nearly quite white in tupaioide^. Skull with rather smaller l)ull8e than in -R. laticaudotns, much smaller than in B. tnpaioides. * 1 quote this name as of Gray and not Blyth, hiecanse I do not think that the names in the former's " List of Mammalia," 1843, can be conBidercd technically as iKymina nuda in the cases where a characteristic English name was appended to them. The plan of the book not including descriptions in the usual sense. Gray seems to have done his best to make up for them by applying names by which the animals could be identified, and no one could any more doubt as to the identity of the " .Sharp-nosed Squirrel " (p. 19.5) than of those of the " Blackish- backed," "Ashy-headed," or " Grey-thighed" species referred to on p. 143. 105 DiMENSIONy OF THE TyPE : Head and body, 199 mm. ; tail, 90 ; hind foot (s. u.), 37. Skull: greatest length *, 53 ; basilar length, 43.5; zygomatic breadth, 25.5; nasals, 18.5 x 5.3 ; interorbital breadth, 12 ; breadth of brain-case, 20.5; diastema, 15.5 ; length of bulla, 10 ; length of upper tooth-series, 11.8. Type.— Adult female. B.M. No. 8. 1. 25. 15. Original number 337. Collected 7th June, 1906, by H. C. Kobinson, This Long-nosed Squirrel differs very markedly from the Malayan Ehinosciurus, both iu colour and skull-characters, and is clearly more nearly allied to the Bornean representative of the genus. The Museum had already received from Mr. Kobinson a good example of M. tupaioides, collected by him in Pahang, and this shows well the white belly, buffy flanks, and white-washed tail which distinguish that animal from the insular forms. I have much pleasure in naming this distinct species in honour of Mr. Robinson, its discoverer, to whom we are indebted for so much of our knowledge of the mammalian fauna of the Malay Peninsula and its islands. 3IUS TIOJIAXICUS, Mill. ^330,333; $331,332. Jiiaia Bay, Tiomau. A member of the negledm group. MUS SLRIFER,' Mill. i). 301-33G, June, 1908.'] ON A COLLECTION OF PLANTS MADE BY H. C. ROBIN- SON AND L. WRAY FROM GUNONG TAHAN, PAHANG. By H. N. RIDLEY, m.a., f.k.s., 1'.i..s., assisted isy utiiiok Butamsts. [Read 5th December, 1907.] r FN 1905 the Trustees of the British Museum made a grant towards L the expenses of Mr. H. C. Robinson's expedition to Gunong Tahan in the Malay Peninsula, on condition that the whole collection made by the expedition should be sent to the Natural History Museum and that the first set should become the property of the Trustees. An account of the expedition will shortly be published in the " Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums." * The plants, numbering about 250 specimens, were collected from May to July, 1905, by Mr. Robinson and Mr. L. Wray, Director uf Museums, Federated Malay States. As Mr. H. N. Ridley, who is specially interested in the botany of the Peninsula, Mas home on leave during last year, I asked him to prepare an account of the collection. He agreed, but having to return to Singapore early in January, left his paper in an unfinished state ; with Mr. E. G. Baker's assistance I have compared it with the specimens in the study set at the British Museum, annotated, and prepared it for the press. The account of the Fenis and Mosses is largely the work of Mr. A. Gepp, and that of the Fungi and Lichens has been prepared by Miss A. Lorrain Smith. (A. B. Rendle.)] The mountain Gunoug Tahan lies in the north of Pahang, on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and was formerly believed to be by far the highest mountain in the Peninsula. It proves, however, to be by no means so lofty as was at first supposed, being only 7,100 feet in altitude. Several attempts were made to explore this mountain on previous occasions. The first of these was undertaken by the author of this paper, accompanied by Mr. W. Davison, Curator of the Raffles Museum, Singapore, and Lieut. Kelsall, r.e., in 1891. The position of the mountain was then unknown, and owing to the limited time allowed, the failure of the commissariat, the extremely unhealthy character of the Tahan Valley, and the imsettled state of Pahang, then on the eve of the rebellion which broke out the following year, the expedition failed to reach its goal. A good collection of plants, however, was made, an account of which was published in the " Transactions of this Society," ser. 2, iii. p. 267, and an itinerary of the trip in the " Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society," Straits Branch, vol. xxv. p. 33. This expedition attempted to reach the mountain by travelling up the Pahang * Vol. III. (Feb., 1908). 108 River, then up the Teuibeliug aud Tahau Rivers, which latter stream is reported to spring from the base of the mtmntaiii. lu 1898 Mr. H. M. Becher again attempted to reach the mouutaiu bv the same route, but perished iu a spate of the Tahau River about live miles above the poiut at Avhich the first expedition stopped. A few j>laiits were added to the ct)llecti<»ns at Singapore Botanic Gardens by the Gardens' ]tlant-collector, wlio accompanied Mr. Becher's ill-fated expedition. In 1899 Mr. AV. \V. iSkeat, who went with the Cambridge expedition to explore the north of the Peninsula, made a hasty trip to the mountain from the north, and after much difficulty and risk reached it. In 1901 Mr. Juhu Waterstradt reached the mountain in a trip made chiefly for the purpose of collecting birds. An account of his expedi- tion was pul)lislied in the " Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society," Straits Branch, vol. xxxvii. (1902) pp. 1-27. The collection of plants made by Messrs. Robinson and Wray is one oi considerable intei'est, and contains a number of remarkable addi- tions to the knowledge of the Flora of the Malay Peninsula. It has long been known that the floras of the east and west coasts are very dift'erent, the eastern side showing a number of Australian and eastern Asiatic types not met with on the western side, the flora of which is more accessible and has been more thoroughly studied. The greatest interest centres round the plants, the geographical distriljution of Avhicli is further extended. Two of these are specially noteworthy — viz., Penta])hylax mcdayana, n. sp., and Gentiana mala' yana : the former is the second representative of a Chinese monotypic genus of Ternstroemiacese previously known only from Hongkong ; the latter is closely allied to a Boruean species occurring on Mt. Kinabalu and to a Javan species. A curious new genus of Melastomaceie allied to Dissochceta, which I have called Oritreph.es, is also an important addition. The genus Xyris is represented in the Peninsula by several sea-shore 62>ecies, but is seldom met with inland or at any altitude ; it is absent, so far as is known, from the Perak Hills and Mount Ophir, but one species, X. RicUeyi, was found by me on Kedah Peak at about 3,000 feet eleva- tion. Two species occur on Gunong Tahan, one identical with that from Kedah Peak, the other, X. grandis, n. sp., perhaps the largest species of the genus, conspicuous from its stiff sword-like leaves resem- bling those of Cladium Maiiujayi, C. B. Clarke, of Mount Ophir. There are, as usual in such collections, several species of Didymo- ca/i'jjus, including two new to science, and a number of Orchids, a good proportion of Avhich are also new. Among the previously described plants it is interesting to find several of those known only from Father Scortechini's collections and distributed without any specific locality. It is probable that as they 109 have uot beeu met with oii the western slopes of the Perak Hills, Scortechiui must have collected them ou the eastern watershed of the main range. Such are Gordonia imhricata, King, Polyosma coriacea. King, and CakqihijUiim venustum, King. SPERMATOPHYTA. DICOTYLEDONES. POLYPETALiE. UlhLKXIACEyE. AcKOTREMA cosTATUM, Juck, lit Mai. Misc. i. (1820) No. v. 3(5 il).303).* Kuala Tekn, 500-1,000 ft. (5536.) Didrih. — Common in most hill regions of the Straits Settlements at that altitude and occasionally at lower elevations. POLYGALACEiE. POLYGALA MONTICOLA, n. Sp. (j). 80S). Frutex circa bipedalis, hasi nuda lignosa, superne liaud ramosa. Folia 3-4 poll, longa, 1^ poll, lata, lanceolata iitrinque acuminata, petiolata, glabra ant raro pilis trauslucentibus parce munita, nervis primariis ad 8 paria, ])etiolo I poll, longo. Racemus subterminalis strictus erectus deusus. Flores albi, carinis roseis, J poll, longis ; pedicellis brevissimis. Sepala externa ovata rotundata pubescentia. Petala oblonga, carina cristata. Capsula immatnra reuiformis biloba ferme j poll, in diametro. Gunong Tahau, 5,000-6,000 ft. A small shrub ; flowers white ; column edged with yellow, pinkish above ; sepals edged with purple. (5456.) At 4,000-5,000 ft. ; about 2 feet high. Flower wliite when first opened, afterwards turning pink ; leaf- stalks tinted piuk. (5384). Forma major, foliis 6 poll, longis, 2 poll, latis, glabris, petiolis pollicaribus ; racenio 9 poU. longo. Flowers tipped rose-red, calyx and flower-stalks white ; mid-ribs o£ leaves tinted with red. At 5,000 ft. (5333.) Though this has been several times collected in the mountains of the Malay Peninsula by different collectors, it seems to have beeu confused with P. venenosa, Juss. Its smaller flowers ou very short pedicels, as well as its dwarf stem and dense erect raceme, make it very distinct from the great spreading half- shrub which is common in the lower damp forests ; and it is difiicult to see how it could be considered a variety of P. venenosa, which is really much less variable than would appear from the number of varieties of it recorded. * To facilitate citation the original pagination is quoted in italics after each species. Ed. no r[TTOSl'ORE;K. PiTTOsPORUM, sp. A small tree 10-15 feet hii"!!, with light-coloured bouglis and opposite subcoriaceous lanceolate leaves glaborus with impressed nerves above, strougly reticulate above ami beneath, petioles pubescent. Fruit solitary, oval, } inch long, on a slender peduncle Iw inch long. Ounong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. (5444.) Too incomplete to describe, but I cannot identify it with any Asiatic species. The only species hitherto recorded from the Peninsula is Pitto^2>orum ferrugineuin, Dryand. (aXTIFER-K. Calophyllum spectabile, WiUd., in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. Ma. 304). Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Tree 30-40 feet liigh ; flowers white. (5517.) Distrib. — Tavoy and Perak at high elevations. A. ANGULATA, n. S^'. Arbor 4arce sericeis. Folia elliptica obtuse acuminata coriacea, 4-7 poll, longa, 2-4 poll, lata, siccitate flavescentia, uervis ad 20 paria conspicue reticulatis, petiolo ^ poll, longo crasso. Flores non visi. Bracteae 2 parva; ovatae. Sepala ovata rotundata crassa glabra, } poll, longa. Ovarium globosum f poll, longum, stylo sequilongo coronatum. Fructus in pedicello 3 poll, longo, supeme incrassato. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. (5518.) A very remarkable species, with the foliage of one of the large Garcinias, and quadrate stems with a narrow wing running along eacli edge. The very large fruits are in pairs. Ill Ternstrcemia japonica, Tliunh., in Trans. Linn. Soc, ii. (1794) 335 (i>. 304). Gunong Tahau, 3,300 ft. Bush ; flowers wliite ; leaves pale green beneath. (5328.) 5,000-6.000 ft. Shrub 2-3 feet high ; flowers greenish w'hite ; anthers brown. (5501.) Bistrib. — An addition to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula. Tern- straemia japonica talcen in a large sense is a widely spread species in Eastern Asia, and as T. aneura, Miq. (the type of which these specimens closely resemble), occurs in Banka. GoRDONiA iMBRicATA, King, in Joum. As. Soc. Bemj. lix. (1890) 204 (i>. 305). Gunong Tahan, 6,000 ft. A small tree; the flower cream-colour, I inch across. (5436 and 5406.) Distrih. — A rare plant, only collected once in Perak by Scortechini. ScHiMA NORONHJi, Beinw. ex, Blume, Bijdr. 130. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. A small tree 20-25 feet high, or a shrub 4-6 feet high; flower white, stamens yellow. (5508, 5525.) Distrib. — Common and variable at high altitudes, occurring also in Burma and the Malay Archipelago. Pentaphylax malayana, II. sp. {p. 305). Frutex vel arbor parva, ramis nigris. Folia coriacea glabra ovata obtusa, basi rotundata, nervis inconspicuis, 2 2)oll. longa, 1 poll. lata, siccitate flavescentia. Spica3 1 poll, longse deusae. Bractese ovatse 4, marginibus ciliatis. Sepala ovata rotundata ciliata. Petala linearia oblonga retusa alba. Stamina quam petala bre- viora, filamentis oblongis, apicibus acuminatis. Stylus cylindricus brevis ; stigma planum brevissime 5-lobum. Capsula breviter pedicellata, \ poll, longa. Semina linearia curva, 2 in quoque loculo. Gunong Tahan, 3,300-5,000 ft. Bush with white flowers. (5325, 5339, 5405.) , A very fine addition to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula, the only other known species, P. euryoides, Gardn. & Champ., being a native of Hongkong. Specimens of obviously the same species were some years ago brought by Mr. Barnes from K'luang Terbaug in Pahang (Journ. Roy. As. Soc, Straits Branch, xxxix. (1903) 1-18). These specimens were in fruit, and the description of the fruit is taken from them. P. malayana differs from P. euryoides in its smaller, more thickly coriaceous, blunt leaves, and its shorter and thicker flower- spikes. TILIACB^. Ela;ocarpus monticola, n. sj). (jy. 305), Frutex foliis ovato-lanceolatis integris glabris coriaceis, 3 poll. lougis, 2 poll, latis, nervorum 6 paribus, petiolis poUicaribus KaceuiL bi"eviusculi, 2 pull, lougi, foliis breviores. Flores parvi (lissiti i>edicellati, ] poll, longi. Sepala 4 ovata pubescentia roseo-bruunea. Petala vix lougiora quaui sepala, oblonga, fim- briata, viridesceuli-alba, pubescentia. Stamiua 12, filamentis brovibus. antheris liuearibus, siue barbis sen aristis. Ovarium globosuiu, stylo brevius. Torus erassus uudulatus. Drupa glo- bosa, plus quam ^ poll, louga, rugosa. Cximoug Tahau, 5,000-5,500 ft. Shrub 10-12 feet high. Sepals piukisb brown ; j^etals greenish white. (5528.) Near Elxocarpus punctatus, King, in Jonrn. As. Soc. Beng. Ix. ii. (1891) 139 (Malay Peninsula, Java, and Sumatra), but differs in the more fimbriate petals, longer style, and entire leaves. The fruit is very different from that of E. punctatus and resembles that of E. 2J(ii'vifvlii(s, Wall. RUTACEJi. EVODIA SIMPLICIFOLIA, It. Sp. (jJ. 806). Frutex T-pedalis ramosus. Folia opposita elliptica obtusa, basi sub- cuneata vel rotuudata. coriaeea integra, uervis primariis saepe 1(3, nervulis reticulatis, 3-8 j poll, longa, If poll, lata, siccitate pallida, petiolis I poll, longis. Paniculae petiolo vix longiores in axillis foliorum summorum dispositae. Flores non visi. Capsulse 4-lo- batte I poll, latae rugosse glabrae. Gunoug Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. A shrub 7 feet high. In fmit (5492.) Much resembles E. pachyphylla, King, a native of Perak, but is very distinct in its simple unifoliolate leaves and glabrous capsules. CELASTRACE^. Salacia perakensis, Kbuj, in. Jour a. As. Soc. Betuj. Ixv. ii. (1896) 364, e descript (p. 306). G-unong Tahan, 5,000 ft. A small tree ; flowers dull red. (5332.) I have seen no authentic specimen. Distrih. — Originally collected in Perak by Scortechini, who gave no exact locality. ROSACEiE. Photinia dubia, Lindl, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. (1821) 104, t. 10 (p. 806). Ounong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small shi-ub 8-15 feet high ; fruit brownish red. (5486.) Not recorded in the " Flora of the IMalayan Peninsula " : it was collected by Griffith at Bukit China, a low hill close to Malacca, and by myself on rocks by th^ river in the Dindings, where it is a low straggling bush. Distrih. — North India. 113 Pyrus granulosa, Bertol., in Mem. Accad. Sc. Bohgn., ser. 2, iv. (1864) 312 (p. 306). Guuong Tahan, 6,000-5,500 ft. Tree 15-25 feet. (5520.) Distrih. — Khasia, Burma, aud Sumatra. SAXIFRAGACE^. Weinmannia Blumei, Planch., in HooJc. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) 470 (p. 306). Gunong Tahan. Tree; flowers red; leaves green, stalks red. (5319.) Distrib. — Higher mountains of the Peninsula. PoLTOSMA coriaoea, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixvi. ii. (1897) 300 {p. 307). G-unong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. Bush ; flowers whit^. (5388.) A small tree 20-30 feet high ; flowers yellowish-white. (5493.) Distrih. — Perak and Kedah Peak. P. L^TE-viRENS, Griff, ex King, I. c. 303. Small tree at 5,000-6,000 ft. (5462.) Distrih. — Malay Peninsula. hamamelibe.k. Ehodoleia Teysmanni, Miq., in Versl. fin Med. K. Alaid. Wetensch. vi. (1857) 123 (2). 307). Guuong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Large shrub 10 feet high, or tree 18 inches in diameter ; flower rosy pink. (5482, 5506.) Distrih. — Hill-ranges of Malay Peninsula and in Sumatra. RHIZOPHORE^. Carallia eugenoidea. King, in Jotirn. As. Soc. Beng. Ixvi. ii. (1897) 320(^.507). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Small tree. Distrib. — Perak. Hitherto only known from Scorteehini's collec- tion. MYRTACEiE. B^CKEA frutescens, Linn., Sj). PI. 358 ( p. 307). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5311.) Distrib. — Common on all hills at this elevation ; also Malay Archipelago. Leptospermum flavescens, Sm., var. commune, Benth., Fl. Austral . iii. 104 (p. 307). Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft., on ridges. Trunk up to 2 feet in diameter, but short and twisted. (5409.) Distrih. — Common on the hills at this elevation in the Malav Peninsula, and throughout the Archipelago to Australia. 114 Rhodamnia trinervia, Blmne. Mus. Bof. LtKjd.-Bat. i. 79 (p. 307). Gunoug Tahau, 5,000-6,000 ft. (5500.) A iiiountaiu form with coriaceous ovate acunnnate leaves, densely white woolly beneath, less so above, but with silky white pubescence on the upper face and pubescent fruit. Diiftrib. — Malayan Archipelago and Philippines to Australia ; Burma. Eugenia pahangensis, ?j. sp. (]). 307). Arbor 20-pedalis cortice albescente. Folia coriacea crassa elliptica petiolata obtusa, costa superne depressa subtus elevata, nervis plurimis gracilibus sul)parallelis, 3-4 poll, longa, 2 poll. lata. Panicula brevis terminalis densiflora, 2 poll, longa, ramis" panels crassis angulatis. Flores flavescentes parvi congesti sessiles vix J poll, longi . Sepala brevissima crassa, triangularia acuta. Petala parva caduca orbicularia. Stamina breviuscula. Ovarium ob- conicum angulatum. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small tree 20 feet high ; flowers pale yellowish. (5454.) Belongs to the same group as Evyenia suhdecnssata, Duth., but is very distinct in its foliage. Eugenia viridescens, 7*. sp. (p. 308). Frutex. Folia coriacea sessilia glabra obovata, apicibus late rotun- datis vix apiculatis, versus basin angustata, basibus subi-etusis, 2^-3 poll, longa, \\ poll, lata, nervis copiosis tenuibus approxi- matis, costa crassiuscula. Pauiculse quam folia breviores, ter- minales, 2 poll, longse, pedunculis brevibus ramulis validulis. Flores inter minores, \ poll, longa. Calyx canipanulatus, margine subintegro undulato. Petala 4 calyptram form ant ia rotundata. Stamina brevia, calycem paullo superantia. Gunong Tahan, 5,000 ft. A bush ; flowers pale green, leaves and young wood tinged with purple. (5338.) Allied to E. suhdecnssata, Duth., but differs in the form of the leaves, which narrow towards the base and end in a truncate retnse manner. Thev are less stiff than those of suhdecnssata drying of a yellowish colour, and the margins curling back. The nervation is very fine and close and hardly distinguishable. MELASTOMACEiE. Melastoma malabatheicum, Linn., 8p. PL 559 (jj. 308). . Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Flower pinkish. (5514.) A very large-flowered form of this variable species, the petals being nearlv as large as those of M. decemfid urn , Roxb., but otherwise there is very little difference between this and typical M. malaha- thricum of the plains. Distrih. — India to China and North Australia. llo SONERILA HETEROSTEMONA, NdUfh, in Al))i. Scl. Nat. S('r. 3, XV. (1851) S26(p.308). " Kuala Teku, 800-1,000 ft. (5538.) Distrih. — Common in the woods of the plains. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra to Borneo. S. suPFRUTicosA, Stopf & King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixix. ii. (1900) 29. Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers white or tinted with pink ; leaves dull green with white hairs, beneath crimson with white hairs. (5315, 5347.) Distrih. — Peralc, Gunong Bubu (previously collected by Wray). S. PARADOXA, Naud., 7. c. 321. Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Leaves bright green with metallic l)lue lights, beneath crimson, hairs on both sides crimson ; flowers pale pink. (5362.) The very hairy form common at higher elevations. Distrih. — Penang. Anerincleistus fruticosus, n. sp. (p. 309). Suffrutex multi-ramosus, cortice fusco. Folia subcoriacea lanceo- lata acuminata glabra, 1-3 poll, longa \ poll, lata, subtus glauca, apicibus obtusis, ])asibus acuminatis. Flores solitarii vel 3-4 imi- bellati, pedunculo \ poll, longo. Calycis tubus vix dilatus glaber. Sepala subulata acuminata glabra, \ poll, longa. Petala 4, rosea lanceolata acuminata ferme subulata. Stamina 8, antheris elonga- tis J poll, longis iuaequalibus, basi obscure emai'ginatis, nee appen- diculatis, antheris sterilibus rubris. Capsida obconica f poll, longa \ poll. lata. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small shrub ; flower pale pink ; anthers pale yellow. (5453.) Allied to A. viacranthns, King, but more glabrous with smaller leaves and more woody. Oritrephes, n. gen. Frutex ; foliis oppositis ellipticis acuminatis, basi cuneatis, triner- viis. Panicula terminalis pauciflora, floribus majusculis. Calyx leprosus obconicus, apice constricto, lobis 4 brevilnis connatis, dentiformibus. Petala 4 obovata unguiculata alba. Stamina 8, aequalia, similia, antheris elongatis A^ersus apices attenuatis, poro terminali, basibus breviter hastatis, appendicibus et setis nullis, dorso processu parvo circulari onustis. Stylus longus, stigmate punctiformi. Ovarium 4-loculatum ellipticum, ferme ad basin tubi calycis liberum, vertice depresso-concavum. Fructus bac- catus. Semina plura, placentis axillaribus suffulta ; adhiic im- matura. 116 O. PTTLCHRA, 11. Sp. Fmitex rainosus ; foliis superne glabris inferne rufescenti-lepidotis, uervis tomeuto rufo tectis, priinariis tribus subtus elevatis, secun- dariis horizoutalibus circa 26 paribus, 2-5 poll, longis, 1-2 poll, latis, petiole pollicari. Pedunculus 3 poll, erectus, glaber. Flores 4-6. Calyx iu pedicello asquilongo, j poll, longus, lobis brevibus couuatis. Petala obovata retiisa nuguiculata, alba roseo-tincta. Stamina petalis feqviilonga, filamentis pubesceutibus, iintheris flavis. Frvictiis leprosus immatunis ^ poll, longus. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Petals white tipped with pink. (5509.) Closely allied to Dissocha?ta and Anplectrnm. Remarkable for its 8 similar stamens without hairs or appendages. Medinilla Clarkki, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixix. ii. (1900) 63 (p. 309). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Small-sized tree. (5312.) Distrib. — Malay Peninsula. Medinilla pahangensis, ??. sp. {p. 3 JO). Frutex epipliyticus, cortice albo verrucoso. Folia verticillata laneeo- lata subobtusa vel oblanceolata, basi angustata, coriacea enervia, 2 poll, longa | poll, lata, petiolo ^ poll. Flores in cymis 1 poll, longis, pentameri, albi, ^ poll, longi. Calyx cupuliformis, granu- latus, obscure 5-dentatus. Petala obovata rotundata. Stamina 10, filamentis sinuatis glabris, antheris sequilongis Curvis, processi- bus 2 anticis ad basin corniformibus, unoque dorsali. Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. Growing on trees ; flowers white. (5896.) In general appearance resembles M. Hasselfii, Blume, but is pen- tamerous. Pachtcentria tuberoulata, Korfh., Ver. Nat. GescJi. Bot. 246, t. 63 (p. 310). Gunong Tahan, on trees at 3,300 ft. Flowers white, each petal tinted rosered at the base ; flower-stalks, fniit, and mid-ribs of leaves l^eneath coral-red. (5237.) Bistrih. — Malay Peninsula, Burma, Borneo. Common at all alti- tudes. Memecylon garcinioides, Blume, Mm. Bot. Lngd.-Bat. i. 358 ( p. 310). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers white ; anthers violet. (5352.) Dixtrib. — Borneo and Sumatra. M. Mainoayi, C. B. Clarice, in Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Tnd. ii. 567. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Creeper ; fruit chrome-vellow. (5457.) Dixfrih. — Malav Peninsula. I J 117 BKCtONIACE/K. Begonia sinuata, Wall., List, No. 3680 (j). 3W). Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. Flowers pale pink ; stamens chrome- yellow ; stalks purplish pink, leaves beneath reddish purple. (5539.) Distrih. — Burma, Malay Peninsula. B. Hekveyana, King, in Jowrn. As. Soc. Benij. Ixxi. ii. (1902) 63. Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. (5546.; Distrih. — Malacca. GAMOPETAL^. RUBIACE^. Argostemma muscicola, n. sp. (p. 310). Herba parva erecta yel suberecta, hispidula, 2 poll. alta. Folia sequalia anguste lanceolata acuta basi cuneata herbacea, glabra, nervis tribus et margiuali pilis albescentibus munitis exceptis, 1-1| poll, longa, ^ poll, lata ; petiolo brevi. Flores 1-2 terminales pedunculati, albi, inter majores generis, I poll. lati. Bractese lanceolatse, et cum pedicellis hirsutse. Sepala lanceolata acuta. Petala lanceolata acuta. Grunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small herb on mossy rocks l>y streams. (5461.) The number of Argostemmas in the Peninsula is large and increases with every mountain explored, as in the case of SoneriJa. This little erect species belongs to the set Avith equal leaves, but has somewhat the habit of A. involucratum, Hemsl. Argostemma albociliatum, n. sp. (p. 311 ). Herba reptans, gracilis, hispida, 3-7 poll, longa. Folia sequalia ovata apicibus subacutis vel rotuudatis, breviter petiolata, dense hispida, | ad poll, longa, {-^ poll. lata. Stipulse breves ovatse. Flores 1-4 in pedunculo gracili hispido, 2 poll, longo. Bracteae minutse lanceolatse lineares. Calyx hispidus, lobis brevibus his- pidis. Petala lanceolata acuminata, hispidula, j poll, longa. Guuong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers white ; leaves pale green, covered with white hairs. (5229.) A curious creeping species with ovate hairy leaves. A.. Yappii, King, in Jonrn. As. Soc. Beiuj. Ixxii. ii. (1903) 145. G-unong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Flowers white ; anthei:^ yellow. . (5491.) Distrih. — Perak. A. HooKERi, .K'w^, /. c. 45. , Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Leaves dark green, with broad irregular stripe of light silvery green in centre. (5376.) Distrih. — Malay Peninsula. Frequent on the hills, Sept., I'JOS, 118 A. PICTUM. Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey d' Wall. ii. 327. Kuala Teku. 500-1,000 ft. Flowers white. (5543.) Distrib. — Malay Peuiusula. Commou iu bill-forests. Ophiorrhiza Munuos, Litin., Sjj. PI. 150 (p. 311 ). Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. (5534.) Distrib. — India, Malaya. A variable species common all over the Peninsula. Hedyotis patens, n. sp. {jp. Sll). Fioitex pai^vus subrepens ramosus. Folia lanceolata carnosula acuta aequalia, basibus cuueatis, glabra, 2-3 poll, longa, ^-| poll. lata. Stipulae late triangulares carnosaj acutae persistentes. Panicula la.xa patens, (i-8 j^oll. longa, saepe 6 poll, lata, ramis trichotomis patentibus trifurcatis, gracilibus. Flores parvi singuli pedicellati iu apicibus ramulorum. Calyx obconicus, lobis triangularibus acutis. Petala linearia alba. Stamina gracilia longe porrecta corollam multo superantia. Stylus longas porrectus. Capsula obovoidea -jV poll, longa. GunongTahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. Bush: flowers pale green. (5393.) At 5,000-6,000 ft. Shrub somewhat creeping in habit ; flowers gi-eenish. (5475.) Allied to Hedyotis Maingayi, Hook, til., of Mount Ophir, and H. pedimculariif. King, of Kedah Peak, but much more branched than either. This group of Hedyotis is very characteristic of our high elevations, and the species are usually confined to one mountain- top. TiMONIUS MONTANUS, 11. Sp. (p. 312 ). Frutex 8-i>edalis. Folia elliptica vel elliptico-lanceolata acuminata lasi cuneata, glabra, 2|-3 poll, longa, 1-li poll, lata, nervis circa G paribus, in pagina inferiore conspicuis, breviter petiolata. Sti- pulae lanceolatae acuminatae. Flores 2-3 in pedunculo brevi vix J poll, longo, sessiles, glabri, flavi. Calyx campanulatus pube- scens. lobis acutis triangularibus. Corollae tubus longus cylindri- cus glal>er, \ poll, longus, lobis oblongis obtusis. Stamina inclusa, autheris linearibus. Flores fceminei et fructus non visi. Guuoug Tahan, 5,000-6,(M)0 ft. Shrub 8 feet high; jxjtals pale yellow ; anthers rich chrome-yellow ; corolla-tube reddish exter- nally. f5499). Kesembling in habit some forms of T. jambosella, Thw., but dis- tinguished by its long glabrous corolla and short peduncle. Lasianthus CHiNENsis, Beuih., Fl. Honrjk. 160 (j). 312) . Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Shioib 10-11 feet; fruit brownish. (5524.; Didrxb. — Perak, Hongkong, Formosa. iiy L. coRONATUS, King & Gamble, in Jouni. As. Soc.Beinj. Ixxiii. ii. (lUU-i) 120. Gunouy Tahau, 5,000-(5,OOU ft. Shrub; flowera white. (55U3, 5438.) Distrib. — Perak. GAMPANULACHyE. Pkntaphragma grandis, n. sp. {]). S12). Herba 1-2-pedalis, eaule fistviloso, \ poll, crasso. Folia alterua I'emota elliptica obovata obtusa deuticulata, basi inaequilatera, supenie glabra, 5 poll, louga, 2j poll, lata, subtiis prsecipue in venis pilosula deiude glabresceutia, petiolo 1 poll, longo. Plores ^-7 axillares, aggregati, j poll, lougi, sordide albi. Bractese ovarium subsequautes, scariosse, caducae. Calyx tubulosus, lobis lanceolatis oblougis obtusis, omuiuo lanugiuoso-pubesceus. Petala sepalis subsequalia, apicibus recurvis pubesceutibus. Stamina linearia. Stylus validus, basi pul>escens ; stigma cyliudricuiu erassum caualiculatum. Guuoug Tahau, 4,000-5,000 ft. 1-2 feet high ; flowers dirty white ; leaves bright green fleshy, pale beiieath. (5408.) A large plant for the genus, remarkable for its tall fistular stem and large flowers. VACCINIACKiE. Vaccinium PUBICARPUM, //. .Sj>. (j>. S13). Frutex 4-pedalis terrestris. Folia tenuiter coriacea laneeolata acuminata acuta glabra obscure serrulata, 2 poll, longa, j poll, lata, nervis priniariis 6, petiolo 1 poll, longo. Racemi foliis breviores 2 poll, lougi laxi. Bractese niinutae lineares. Flores ])edicellati, pedicellis \ poll, longis, cum calyce pubescentibus. Calyx cupulatus, lobis acutis triaugularibus. Corolla omnino pubescens. Stamiuuni filamentis brevibus, antheris liueuribus oblongis, processibus 2 apicalibus rectis cylindricis, antheras sequantibits, omnino glabra. Stylus cylindricus crassiusculus, apice piano. Bacca parva globosa pubescens sepalis coronata, \ poll, longa. Gunoug Tahau, 5,000-6,000 ft. Shrub 4 feet high, in shady ravines. (5443.) Resembles V. malaccensis, Wight, which is common in the lowlands of the Peninsula, but differs in the long acuminate leaves and pubescent fruit. V. LONGIBRACTEATUM, H. Cj). Frutex ramis fuscis hirtis, pilis albis. Folia alterua ovata sub- cordata obtusa coriacea interne pubescentia superue glabra, 1-H poll, louga, f-lj poll, lata, petiolis pubescentibus 4 poll, longis. Racemi terminales longiusculi, rhachidibus pubescentibus, Brac- tese foliacese coriacese lauceolatec acutee pubesceutes, flores multo 120 superautes, ^-1 poll, lougae, j poll, latse. Flores desuut. Baccse -} poll, lougee globosjB pubesceutes, peclicellis j poll, longis pubosceutibiis : lobis calycis triaiigularibus acutis 5, iuflexis. Guuong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5326.) Remarkable for its jnibesceuce and the large lanceolate bracts. The leaves are close-set and very coriaceous, hairy beneath with conspicuous ascending nerves. V. Tetsmanni, Miq., FL Lid. Bat. ii. 1062. Grunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers crimson ; leaves rusty beneath, (5053). Disfrib. — Perak ; Java. ERICACE.E. PiERis ovALiFOLiA, D. DoH, hi Ediiih. Phil. Journ. xvii. (1834) 159 (p. 313). Guuong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small tree 15-20 feet; flowers whitish. (5476.) Uiatrlb. — Himalayas to Japan. Khododendron malayanum, Jacl-, in Mat. Misc. ii. (1822) No. vii. 17 (^>.3l3). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Small tree. (5323.) Distrih. — Common on hills in Malay Peninsula ; Malaya. Khododendron Wbayi, Kimj & GaitMe, in Journ. As. Soc. Beny. Ixxiv. II. (1906) 75 (jA 314). Gimong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. (5387.) Distrih. — Occurs also in the Kedah, Selangor, and Perak Hills. E. LONOiFLORUM, LincU., in Journ. Hort. Soc. iii. (1848) 88. Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. Growing on trees ; flowers salmon- pink. (5382.) Distrib. — Perak, Borneo, and Sumatra. K. ELEGANS, n. ejj. Epijjhytica, ramis tcnuibus undulatis. Folia opposita vel 5- verticillata elliptico-lanceolata obtusa basi cuneata parva, coriacea, glabra, ;^'l poll, longa, i poll, lata, nervis inconspicuis, subtus crebre punctata supenie nitida, petiolis brevissimis — poll, longis. Flores rubri singuli terminales, | poll, longi, | poll, lati, pedicellis tequilongis pubesccntibus gracilibus. Calyx cupularis parvus, lobis brevissimis ovatis. Corolla parva recta crassa cylindrica rubra pubescens, lobis rotundatis l^revibus. Stamina 8, filamentis pubescentibus. Ovarium hirtuiu. Stylus cylindricus crassiuscu- lus haud exsertus ; stigma clavatum. Gunong Tahan, 5,000 ft. Flowers bright red ; leaves dark shining green ; growing on trees. (5429.) A very elegant little slender-branched plant with small flowers. I know nothing exactly like it. 121 EPAORIDR.E. Leucopogon malayanus, Jack, In Mai. Misc. i. (1820) No. v, 20 (P' 314). Grunong Tahan. Small tree. (5316.) Distrih. — Common on all the liills and on sandy coasts oi the Peninsula. Occurs also in Borneo and Banka, with a variety in Tenasserim. MYRSIXE.E. Ardisia rosea, King & Gamble, in Jonrn. As. Soc. Beng. Ixxiv. ii. Extr. (1906) 150 (j^. 314). Giinong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small tree ; flowers white, stalks pui'plish. (5467.) Shrub ; flowers white, flower-stalks red ; leaves and young wood tinged with red. (5334.) Distrib. — Perak, on most hill-ranges at high elevations. A. BINIFLORA, n. Sp. Frutex validus, ramis pallidis densis. Folia coriacea lanceolata obtusa basibus cuneatis, glabra, 24 poll, longa, 1 poll, lata, carina subtus crassiuscula, nervis copiosis, petiolo j poll, longo. Flores axillares bini vel terni in pedunculo 1 poll, gracili, foliis breviores. Bractese ad basin pedunculi et pedicellorum foliaceae parvse ovatse. Sepala i-otundata brevia haud imbricata margini- bus glanduloso-dentatis. Petala lanceolata acuta, glandulosa, glandulis magnis, ~ poll, longa. Antherse lanceolatse apiculatse. Grunong Tahan, in ravines, 5,000-6,000 ft. Shrub 10-15 feet high ; flower reddish pink ; anthers brownish. (5460.) A shrub with the hal)it of Ardisia littoralis, Andr., but with very stifE, closely-veined, entire, ol^scurely gland-dotted leaves, and flowers in pairs on axillary peduncles. Ardisia retinervia, n. sj). (p. 31d). Frutex 10-12 ped. alt., ramis validis bruuueis, omnino glaber. Folia coriacea elliptica, apice rotundata, basi cuneata, 4-4| poll, longa, 2 poll, lata, crebre glandulose-pvmctata in utraque pagina, costa superne depressa subtus elevate crassiuscula ; nervis superne inconspicuis, subtus elevatis horizontalibus numerosis valde reticulatis usque ad margines ; margines integri, glandulis margina- libus nullis ; petiolo valido brevi, |-1 poll, longo. Cymse pauci- florse axillares breves. Flores desunt ; pedicelli fructiferi suban- gulati, t} poll, longi. Sepala 5 ovata obtusa hand glandulifera glabi-a brevia. Drupa globosa multi-snlcata, j poll, longa ; stylo brevi. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Shrub 10-15 feet high. (5502.) Remarkable chiefly for its stiffly coriaceous, strongly reticulated leaves. The drupe, which is large for the genus, is marked with narrow ridges and grooves. 122 STYlJACK.i:. Stmpt.ocos ADENopiTYi.T.A, W. 315), Gunoug Tahau, 3,300 ft. (5320.) Distrib. — Malay Peuinsula.ancl Archipelago. S. ScoRTECHiNii, King d- GnmhJe. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixxiv. ii. Extr. (1906) 250. Cxunoug Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. Tree ; flowers white, tinged near the ends of the petals with pink, veins of flowers red. (5392.) Dixfrlh. — Perak. I have se^n no authentic specimen of this plant, which has only once been collected, by Scortechiui. ASCLKPIADACEtE. Pentasacme caudatum. WaU., in Wight, Contrib. 60 (p. 315). Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. (5533.) Distrib. — Common in streams at high altitudes in the eastern side of the Peninsula ; North India, Burma. DiSCHIDIA COCCINEA, Gvif. Nofuliv, iv. 45 (p. 315). Grunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. On trees ; flowers red ; leaves dull crimson. (5410.) Djx/n'fc.— Malay Peninsula ; common at high altitudes. DiSCHIDIA ALBiDA, Grif. Notuhv, iv. 4(> {p. 310). Gunong Tahan. On trees ; flowers pale yellow. (5399.) Diiitrib. — Malay Peninsula. ftENTIAXACE.E. GeNTIANA MALAYAN a, n. .S2). {p. 316). Herl)a pusilla 1-3 poll. alt. Folia carnosa congesta acuta lanceolata sessilia integra glabra, \-\ poll, longa. Flos termiualis h ])oll. longus. Calyx tubulosus, lobis acumiuatis tubnm corollse super- antibus. Corolla azurea tubulosa, lobis brevibus sub.spathulatis apicibus rotuudatis, plicis i.ntegris. Stamina antheris loiigius hastatis prsedita. Ovarium stipitatum : stylo brevi, stigmatibus bi'evibus. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Flowers deep sky-blue. Growing among mo.ss in damp places (5473) ; on wet rocks (5479), The a^ldition of tlie genus Gentiana to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula is an interesting one. The species is closely allied to G. hornecnsis, Hook, fil., from Kinabalu, dittering chiefly in the quite entire leaves, rounded tips of the petals and entire, not lobed, folds between them. The anthers are narrower and more acute. The plants collected under the two numl)ers seem specifically identical, but the specimens of No. 5473 are very much smaller ■ than those of 5479. 123 Oanscoea trinervia, n. sp. (p. lUO). Herba 3-5 poll, alta, caulibus pluribu«. Folia glabra ovata vel ovato-lanceolata berbacea utrinque acuminata trinei'via, ^-1 poll. longa, ^-f poll. lata. Flores in axillis superioribus, albis. Calyx tubulosus snpei'ne angustatus h poll, longus, costis 8 elevatis, alternis bifurcatis, lo1)is acnminatis. Corolla irregularis alba, tubo quam sepala paullo longiore, lol>is 4 oblougis rotundatis marginibus cri.spis, uuo niulto latiore, ] poll, longis. Stamina fertilia 3, autheris oblongis, uno sterili filiforrai. Stylus sat longus ; stigmatibus 2 linearibus elongatis. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Herl) bv stream ; flowers white. (550*7.) There are two species of this genus recorded by C. B. Clarke in his description of the family in the "Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula,'" one of which — 0. diffum, a common Indian species — is recorded as belonging to this region only on the authority of a specimen collected by Lobb in Singapore and undoubtedly wrongly localised, the other — C. pentanthera, C. B. Clarke, an endemic species — occurs usually at high elevations ; it has five complete stamens and a regular corolla, while C. trinervia has three complete stamens only and a staminode and an irregular corolla. OLEACE.E. Olea capitellata, h. Sip. (p. 317). Frut^x 3-4-pedalis. Folia opposita coriacea glabra elliptica obtusa petiolata, basi angustata. "2 poll, longa, 1 poll, lata, nervis 8 pri- mariis. Stipulae nullae. Flores in capitulis parvis axillaribus petioUs brevioribus. Bi'actese ovatae rotuudatse, marginibus ciliatis. Pedicelli breves pubescentes. Sepala ad basin connata, lobis ovatis pubesceutibus. Corollas tubus brevissimus ; lobis rotundatis pubesceutibus. Stamina 2, in ore tubi adnata, corollam multo superantia ; filamentis linearibus, antheris bilocularibus ellipticis, loculis ad basin paiillo divergentibus. Stylus erectus simplex quam tubus corollae brevior. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small shrub 3-4 feet high ; flowers yellowish. (5489.) A very curious plant with densely set coriaceous elliptic leaves, closely minutely dotted, and small axillary heads or more strictly umbels of very small flowers, subtended by 2 rounded ciliate bracts. I know no species of the genus which at all resembles this singular plant. loganiace^, GrAERTNERA RAMOSA, %. Sp. {p. 317). Frutex 10-pedalis ramosus. Folia lanceolata acuminata acuta glabra basi in petiolum brevem attenuata, 6 poll, longa, If poll, lata, petiolo \ poll, longo. Stipulae amplexicaules per paria connatae superne bidentatae. Cymae terminales, laxse, 2-3 poll, longae, 124 minis paucis brevil)us. rami brevt-s 1-8-flori. Calyx cupulatus -^, poll, lougus, dentibu8 4, brevissimis. Corolla ^ poll, longa pu- bescens, lobis 6 lanceolatis carnosis apicibiis infiexis, pilis sericeis densis iu ore tubi iufra autlieras prsedita. Stamina 6, autheris linearibus oblongis, conuectivo iu coruua miuuta producto, fila- meutis brevibus pilis sericeis celatis. Gimoug Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Shrub 10 feet high ; flowers white. C54.58.) G. OBLANCEOLATA, King & Gntuhle, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixxiv. ii. (1907) 624. Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Bush : flowers white. (5843.) Dhtrih.- -Fei'Ali. LKNTIBULARIACEyE. UtRICULARIA NICtRICAULIS, U. «/>. (j). 817). Folia ot utriculse non visae. Caulis filiformis tripollicaris ater, raro i-amosiis, squamis paucis lanceolatis subacutis baud infra pro- ductis. Flores perparvi 2-8 breviter pedicellati, bracteis 2 ob- longis pedicello miilto brevioribus. Sepala late oblonga obtusa, corollae tubum longe superantia, purpurascentia. Corollse labium superius brevius, inferuni lougius : calcar breve incurvum conicum. Capsula ovata orl)icularis calyce tecta. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; iu damp moss on rocks. Colour purplish-l)lue, st^m black. (5447.) Apparently near TJ. minntissima, Vahl, but has larger flowers. TJtriculaeia orbiculata. Wall, ex A. DC. Prodr. viii. 18. (p. 3 IS). Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Flowers blue, mouth of tube yellow. Growing among wet moss. (5477.) Didrih. --India, Malaya, South China. GESXERACE/E, DiDTMOCARPUS 8ALICINA, Ridl., in TraiiH. Linn. Soc. sor. 2, Bot. iii. (1893) 329 {p. 818). Kuala Teku, 500-1.00(1 ft. Flowers pale pink; anthers and j>istil deeper pink. Distrih. — Originally found in tlie Tahan Valley. D. FLAVOBRUNNEA, BifU., 1. C. Guncmg Tahan, 8,000-3,300 ft. Leaves dark green ; hairs on stalk reescentes. Sepala linearia brt'via, vix -^^ poll, longa. Corolla alba colore roseo tincta campanulata, j poll, longa, lobis rotundatis. Stamina brevia 2, antheris subglobosis. Capsula lauceolata acuminata, f poll, longa. Gunong Tahau. 4.000-5,000 ft. ; on rocks. Leaves dark velvety green ; flowers white tinged with pink. (5398.) Flowers resem1)liug those of P. pijroUflora, Eidl., but the style is much shorter. The foliage is veiy different and more resembles that of Didjjmocarpns heterophyUa. Ridl. Ctrtandba cupulata, Birlh, in Jom-n. Linn. Soc, Bof. xxxii. (1896) 527 (i>. 319). Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. (5540.) Biiitrih. — Malay Peninsula. -ilsCHYNAXTHUS, Sp. (p. 320). Gunong Tahau. 5,000-6,000 ft. Creeper verv fleshv, reddish. (5483.) A rather woody plant with pale bark and oval fleshy leaves \ an inch long. There are no flowers (only pods already dehisced) and no seed. Doxibtless an undescribed species, but the material is insufficient. APETAL^. NEPEXTHACE^. Nepenthes Bongso, Kortli., Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 19, t. 14 (p. 320). Gunong Tahan, 5,000 ft. Flowers didl red-brown ; cups white tinted pale green at base and spotted with pink. (5411.) The original plant was obtained on Merapi mountain in Sumatra. The Tahan plant seems to resemble it very closely, but the fruit is much larger than it is in Korthal's figure. The male flowers are small, with 4 oblong obtuse pubescent petals ^, inch long, the pedicels of the flowers | inch. The raceme is lax and about 6 inches long. The lid of the pitcher is densely glandular. The capsules are three-quarters of an inch long. N. GEACILLIMA, H. Sp. Caulis gracillimus ~ poll, in diametro. Folia remota sessilia anguste lanceolata acuminata, lamina 2-3 poll, longa \ poll' lata glabra coriacea ; petiolulo 5-pollicari ; amphora subcylindrica angusta, 4 poll, longa, | poll, in diametro, superne glandulosa paullo constrlcta, annulo angusto, ob.scure costat^. Operculum 127 orbiculare ^-f poll. lon<>inii, cervice ot lamina pubosccntibus, fornibus ad liasin opercnli fluobiis -f-^ poll, longis, glantlulaD nullae. Eacemus masculus gracilis plus quam 6 poll, longus. Flores parvi dissiti, pedicellis ^^ poll, longis. Bracteae lineares graciles. Petala 4 oblonga obtusa glabra. Racemus fructiferus circa 6 poll, longus ; capsulse f poll, longse glabrae, pedicellis ^ poll, longis, valvse ntrinqne angustatse. Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Pitchers pale green, tinted in places with dull crimson, and mottled with dull purple ; lid of cup brighter green lined with dull crimson. (5309.) Allied to iV. gracilis, Korth., but is a much slenderer plant; the st«m is rounded and not angular, the leaves are not decurrent, the peristome is faintly ribbed on the lower surface, the cup is differently coloiu-ed, and the lid is not glandular, LAURACE^. Dehaasia lancifolia, n. sp. (p. 320). Arbor 25-pedalis. Folia coriacea lanceolata obtusa (siccitate rufa), lireviter petiolata glabra, nervorum 9-11 paribus prsedita ; nervis ascendentibus in margine arcuatis, costa crassiuscula, ^\-T\ poll, longa, 1^-2 lata. Paniculse elongatse patentes 7-8 poll, lougse, ramulis paucis brevibus pubescentibus. Flores Q-l perparvi in cymulas in apicibus ramulorum virescentes dispositi, pedicellis brevibus pubescentibus. Sejiala 3 minuta ovata obtusa, Petala alterna ovata obtusa cucullata pubescentia, quam sepala multo inajora. Stamina 9 filamentis bi-evissimis, antheris ovatis. Stylus quam stamina longior crassus ; stigma magnum rotundatum crassum atrum. Drupa elliptica H poll, longa, pedunculo haud multum incrassato. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Tree 11 inches in diameter, 25 feet high, flowers greenish (5468). Shrub 8-10 feet, in fruit (5526).' This fine plant is represented by two specimens, one in flower and one in fi-uit, which evidently belong to the same species. The leaves are bright brown when dry. The main nerves ascend and curving upwards at the margin connect with each other by a loop, and the intermediate uervules are conspicuously reticulated. The long lax panicle of short branches is not like that of any other species known to me. The flowers are quite those of a Dehaasia, some unisexual and some bisexual. The stigma is remarkably thick and rounded for the genus. LiNDERA c.^siA, Keiuw. ex Vill., in Blanco. Fl. PhiJipp. ed. 3, Nov. App. 181, e descript (p. 321). Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small shrub. (5455.) Distrih. — Philippines to Borneo. 128 LORANTHAOEyE. LoRANTHUs PULCHER, DC. Prod. iv. 295 (p. S21). Gunong Tahau, 5,500 ft. Shrub ; flowers carmine ; calyx and flower- stalks dull red ; leaves very thick and fleshy. (5337.) The leaves are more oval in outline and more fleshy than usual. Not rare in the hill-region. Dii^frih. — Penang. L. LoBBii, Hook, fit, Fl. Brit. Inxl. v. 204. Gunong Tahau. (5485.) Common in the hill-regions. Distrib. — Penan g. L. GLOBOSus, Boxb., Fl. Ind. i. 550. Gunong Tahau, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; on trees. Flowers bright orange- red ; leave red above and dull green beneath. (5404.) Diiftrih. — North India, Malay Peninsula, Java. SANTALACE^. Henslowia vabians, Blume, Mns. Bot. Lvgd.-Bat. i. 244 (p. 322). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Climber ; fruit green, tinted dull red. (5349.) Distrib. — Tenasserim, Malacca, Borneo. H. Lobbiana, a. DC. Prod. xiv. 631. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Creeper ; berries reddisli. (5484.) Distrib. — Malay Peninsula. euphorbiace^e. Chobiophyllum montanum, n. sp. {p. 322). Fnitex ramosus, foliis oppositis coriaceis, ellipticis, basibus angustatis, apicilnis retusis, superne nitidis, subtus pallidioribus 2 poll, longis, I poll, latis, l)reviter petiolatis, petiolo y\j poll, longo. Flores non visi. Capsula tricocca globosa, coccis bivalvibus { poll, longis. Semina \ poll, longa rufo-castanea polita elliptica suboblif[ua, arillo bilobo, semf'U semitegento, loliis subacutis triangularibus. Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5434.) Flowers yellow. Very distinct from Ch. malayanum, Benth., in its much smaller, elliptic, very coriaceous leaves. MYRICACEiE. Mybica Fabquhariana, Wall. Tent. 61 (j). 322). Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Shriib 10-12 feet high; flowers reddish-brown. C5519.) Distrib. — India, Malaya. Common in the low country near the sea. This is referred to M. Nagl, Thunb., in the " Flora of British India," v. 597, but I cannot think it i.s identical with that Japanese plant. 129 CUPULIFER.E. QuERCus Kassa, Miq., Fl. Itid. Bat. tluppl. 350 (jj. 822). Gunong Taliau, 6,000 ft. (5440.) One of the very few oaks which are to be met with at au elevation of over 3,000 ft. Distrib. — Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. MONOCOTYLEDONES. ORCHIDE/E, Oberonia (§ Caulescentes) oondensata, n. sjj. {]j. 822). Caules congest!, 1-2 poll, longi, radicibus deusis tenuibus ad bases praediti. Folia carnosa decidvia linearia acuta, f poll, louga, \ poll, lata. Kacemus pollicaris ad basin florifer. Bractese lanceolatse louge acuuiinatse, ad raceuii basin longiores, superne minores. Flores citrini, poll. ,'. in diametro. Sepala ovata obtusa. Petala lanceolata multo augustiora ; labellum sequilongum, integrani elougato-triaugulare, basi lato. Colunina stelidiis brevibus in- structa, anthera ovata alba. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; on rocks. (5487.) A very curious little plant, remarkable for its stiff short stem, its short, erect raceme, and its quite simple lip. Platyclinis gracilis, Hock.fil., Fl. Brit. Inch v. p. 708 {p. 823). Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Flowers pale greenish, with two broad stripes on the lip not reaching to the tip. (5498.) A form with a verv long rhizome and stout distant bulbs. Distrih. — Perak. P. KiNGii, Hoolc. fil., I. c. Gunong Tahan; on rocks at 6,000 ft. Flowers yellow. (5434.) Distrih. — Perak and Borneo. Dendrobium longipes, Hook.Jil, 1. c. 713 (]). 828). Summit of Gunong Tahan, 7,100 ft. Flowers yellow faintly lined with brown, lip and lobes mottled with crimson. (5529.) . i)is^/"i&.— Hill-ranges of the centre of the Peninsula. B. Kelsalli, Eicll,, in Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. xxxii. (1896) 237. Gunong Tahan, 3,000-6,000 ft. ; on trees. (5496.) Distrih. — All the hills of the central range. D., s])., with rather long bulbs, slender steins and terete acuminate leaves. " Flower pale yellow, lip spotted and veined with red- dish-brown and with reddish hairs." Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. (5481.) This appears to be allied to D. gracile, Lindl., but there are no flowers on the specimens. 180 J). ONIFLORUM, iTiijf'. Notiihc, iii. 805. Guuoui,' Tahan. 5,000-6,000 ft. (5497.) At 3,300 ft. (5842, 5306.) On trees : creamv wliite, lip tinted with green and three brown liue^ down the centre. In No. 5306 the leaves are over 2 inches long and half an inch wide, of thinner texture than those of the other two specimens. The leaves of No. 5497 are those of tlie Mount Ophir form, short, thick and oblong. The Dendrobiums of the section Disfichnjjhylh-v, of the D. unijlorain and I), revolutinn series, require critical study both in the Malay Peninsula and in Borneo, whei'e they are also abundant on the upper parts of the hill-rauges. There is considerable variation in the form and texture of the leaf and also in the height and habit of the plant, though the flowers seem to be much less variable. Dendrobium bifarium, LituU., Gen. & Sp., Orch. 81 (p. 324). Cxunong Tahan, 5,000-5.500 ft. Lij) creamy white with orange blotches ; petals and sepals pale cottee-brown, much darker at the base. (5505.) I cannot distinguish this from the well-known lowland plant, on which Lindley based his species, thoiigh Mr. Kobinson's note as to the colour of the flower (which is usually creamy with a green lip) shows some variation from the normal. The species occurs l)oth in the lowlands and the hill-region of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. D. (§ Pedilouum) cornutum, Uook.JiL, Fl. Brit. hid. v. 730. Guuong Tahan, 5,000 ft. ; on trees. Flowers bright magenta, stalks and bracts the same colour; a yellow spot on the lip. (5431.) Dietrib. — Perak. This species is closely allied both to D. Kuhlil, Lindl., and D. Has- seltii, Lindl., of Java and Sumatra. It differs but little from the latter, chiefly in the naiTower acute sepals. D. (§ Pedilonum) subflavidum, n. sp. Caules plures gi-aciles teretes, 18 poll, lougi, \ poll, crassi, internodiis bipollicaribus. Folia anguste lanceolata acuminata acuta, 3 poll, longa \ poll, lata, conspicue 5-nei*\'ia, apicibus insequalibus. Pedunculi e caulibus defoliatis | poll, longi biflori. Bractese ovatae. Pedicelli cum ovariis gi'acilibus f poll, longi. Flos 1^ poll, longus ab apice sepal i usque ad apieem menti. Sepalum posticum lanceolatum | poll, longum ; sepala lateralia subtriangu- laria multo latiora, mcntum cornutum 1 poll, longum, apice curvo. Labellum lanceolatum, ungue longo et anguste, limbo integro ob- tuso, 1 poll, longum J poll, latum. Columuae parte libera brevi lata, alis alte elevatis. Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers yellow. (5317.) At roots of trees; flowers pale greenish-yellow, lip yellow, spotted with crimson 181 near the base on either side ; leaves tinged with dull crirasou on the under face. (5300.) E\T[dently allied to D. viegaceras, Hook, til., a little known plant collected by Maiugay in Malacca and not since found. It differs chiefly in the lip being quite entire and the limb lanceolate. D. Anthrene, Eidl, of Borneo is also allied. BULBOPHYLLUM GALBINUM, RklL, ill JollfU. LiillC. Soc, Bot. XXXii. (1896) 267 (p. 324). aunong Tahan, 3,800 ft. ; on trees. (5305.) Distrih.—PexAk. BuLBOPHYLLUM (§ Sestochilus) MICROGLOSSUM, )l. Sp. (p. 325). Caulis longe repens -^\y poll, crassus, internodiis j poll, longis ; pseudobulbis conicis ascendentibus ^ poll, longis j poll, latis ad bases. Folia elliptica obtusa, breviter petiolata coriacea 1| poll, longa ^ poll. lata. Pedunculus gracilis If poll, longus. Sepaluni posticuni ellipticum cucullatuni, sep. lateralia ovata-lanceolata falcata obtusa ^ poll, longa. Petala lata oblongo-lauceolata .obtusa fere subaequalia. Labelluni minimum, basi late emar- giuato, apice decui-vo, carnosum lateraliter compressum vix j poll, longum. Columna cum pede longo sursum curvo libero, alls in, margine pedis elongatis, stelidia obscura. Gruuong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; on trees. Flowers dull yellow, lined and spotted with red, movable lip pink. (5327.) Rather small-flowered for the section and with a very small lip which is flattened sideways and narrow, the base dilated and deeply emargiuate. In the column, the side wings are well deve- loped along the edge of the foot, forming rather large flanges running from the top of the column nearly to the point at which the foot becomes free from the sepals. B. (§ Monanthaparva) Titania, n. isp. Khizoma longe repens, pseudobulbis arete appressis tectum. Pseudo- bulbi oblongi apicibus ascendentibus ut in B. catenario, ferme ^ poll, longis. Folia lauceolata I poll, longa | poll, lata, basi augustato. Pedunculus gracilis capillaris H poll, longus. Bractese infundibuliformes, | poll, longge. Sepala lanceolata y\ poll, longa, 6-nei'via, lateralia latiora. Petala minuta ] longitudinis sepali sequantia, lanceolata uninervia. Labellum liuguiforme, in medio flexum J longitudinis sepali sequans, carnosum flavum. Columna validula, stelidiis setiformibus longis. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; growing among moss in g-ullies. Flowers and stalks orange, deeper on lip and column. (5471.) Very near B. catenarium, but with larger flowers and pseudobulbs. The lip is yellow and not purple, and the stelidia are as long as the body of tlie column. 132 B. (§ ll;icemosa) ) viriukscenss. a. xjt. Hhiztima louguiu teiiue, pseudobulbis uuUis. Folia breviter petiolata, petiolo crasso, lamina elliptiea 1 poll, lon^a f poll, lata crassa caruosa obtusa. Scapi filiformes 2 poll. lou«^i, fioribus paucit» reniotis. Bracteae laiiceolatie acumiuatoe ovaria aequantes | poll, lougse. Flores pallide virides, I poll. louurple, edge of petals spotted with purple. (5515.) Distrib. — Not rare on the central hill-ranges. E. TEKETiFOLiA, OHff. Nottdx, Hi. 298. Gunoug Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. ; on trees. Flowers creamy white, base of lip i^ink ; sweet-scented. (5527.) 133 Distrib. — Common on trees at from 2,000 feet upwards iu the Penin. sula and Borneo. E. FEROx, Bl, Mns. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. i. 184. Guuong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. ; on the gronnfW6.^ Malay Peninsula, Siani. APOSTASIACE.E. AposTAbiA NUDA, E. Br., ill Wall. Fl. As. Bar. i. 7(5 {p. SSO.) Gunong Tahau, 3,300 ft. Flowers Avhite. (5318.) Distrib. — Common in the Peninsula ; also North-East India ; Sumatra, Java. ZIXGIBERACEyE. Hedychium collinum, Bidl., in Journ. Boy. As, Soc. Straits Br. xxxii. (1899) 103 (jj. 331). Gunong Tahan. 5,000-5,600 ft. Flowers white, stamens brownish ; strongly scented. (5513.) Apparently the same species as I obtained on Kedali Peak, but a bigger and taller plant about 5 feet high. I had only one rather stunted plant from a some- what exposed precipice. The calyx and con)lla-tube are pul^scent in this plant. Zingiber gracile. Jack, in Mai. Misc. i. (1820) No. i. 1 (p. 831). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5365.) Exactly the ordinary form as far as the specimen goes, but the field-note says : *' Flowers pale yellow, bracts yellow, lower ones streaked with green : flower- stalk dull red." The bracts of this species are normally dull red. Camptandra parvula, Biill, I. c. 104 {^i. 331). Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. Flowers white, throat yellow. (5532.) Distrib. — Malay Peninsula. CONAMOMUM UTRICULOSUM, Bicll., I. C. 122 (j). 381). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers yellow. (5424.) Distrib.— Verak Hills. Geostachys elegans, Bidl., I. c. 160 (j). 331). Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Flowers yellow, the sides of the lip mottled with red, the lower surface of the leaves purple. (5511.) Distrib. — Mount Ophir. This is quite like the Mount Ophir plant, but the stamen in the one perfect flower I was able to examine has a distinct little lacerate crest. LILIACE.E. Drac^na Porteri, Baker, in Journ. Bot. xi. (1873) 262 (p. 331). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers white, leaves green ; about 3 feet high. (5371.) Distrib, — Common all over the Peninsula : Singapore, Siam. 138 BURMANNIACEyE. BuRMANNiA DisTiCHA, Linn., Sp. PI. 287 (p. HSl). Gunoug Tabau, 4,000-5,000 ft. Flowers light greeu ; bracts pale violet. Growiing amoug low scrub, ou ridges (5383.) Ou damp jjlaces iu open (5449.) Couiniou at liigli elevations. Bidrih. — ludia. Sumatra, Cbimi, Australia. B. LONGiFoLiA, Becc. Maltsia, i. 244. Guuoug Taliau, 3,300 ft. Flowers aud bracts white, petals tiuted ou edges pale blue. (5230.) Usually with the last. Diittrib. — Malay Peninsula, Borneo. XYRIDACK.K. Xybis gkandis, n. sp. (^;. 38.'^). Herba valida : foliis magnis late ensifonnibus acuminatis equit- antibus subcoriaceis, 24 poll, lougis, f poll, latis. Scapus brevior, 19 poll, longus, teres. Capitulum obovatum magnum ^ poll, iu diametro. Bracteae exteriores lauceolatae acutse | poll, longae, atrobrunueaj lucidse. Sepala 3 iuaequalia, lanceolata acuta carti- laginea atrobrunnea. Petala 3 cuueato-oblouga, marginibus lace- ratis, flava. Stamina oblonga glabra. Stylus cum brachiis 3 elongatis extrusis. Gimong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers yellow, leaves green tiuted with red, brown at the base. (5341.) This is the finest Xyrls I know ; the great sword-like leaves recall those of Cl.idinin Malngayi, C. B. Clarke, of Mt. Ophir, aud are quite unlike those of any other species. X. RiDLEYi, Rendle, iu Journ. Bot. xxxvii. (1899) 505. Gunoug Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft., in damp places ou rocks. Flowers bi-ight cadmium-yellow, turning white. (5450.) Distrib. — Kedah Peak. The original specimen from Kedah Peak is somewhat taller with slightly larger heads, but the plants from the two localities are evidently conspecific (A. B. R.). arace.is. SciNDAPSus ScoETECHiNii, Hook. fil., Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 541 {p. 332): Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft., climbing on trees. Whole flower pale yellow. (5307.) Distrib. — Common in all the hill districts in the Peninsula, ERIOCAULOXACE.E. Eriocaulon maceophyllum, Ruhl., in Engl. Pjlanzenr., Erioc. 77 (p. 332). Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,000 ft. Flower-heads greyish-white. (5510.) I take this to be a form of the Javan plant described by Ruhland, but have seen no type. Plants collected by Horsfield at Rawa Diyaug seetn to l.>e the same thing. 139 GYMNOSPEKMiE. CO'SIVERM. Agathis loranthifolia, Salinh., in Traiis. Linn. Soc. viii. (1807) 312 (p. 332). GuuoDg Tahau, 5,000-6,000 ft. Tree from 35-40 feet high, iu sheltered gullies. (5488.) Distrib. — Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Dacrydittm elatum, Wall, ex HooJc., Lond. Journ. Bot. ii. (1843) 144 ip. 333). Gunoug Tahau, 3,300 ft. Tree 60-80 feet tall. (5380.) Distrib. — Common at high altitudes in the Peninsula and Archipelago. PoDOCABPUS CUPRESSINA, B. Br. ex, Mirb., in Mem. Mus. Par, xiii. (1825) 75 {p. 333). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Tree 50-60 feet high. (5354.) Distrib. — Common at such altitudes in the Peninsula and Islands. P. BBACTEATA, Bluiue, Eiiiun. i. 88. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Tree 20 feet high, branches at right angles to the stem. (5452.) Distrib. — Not previously recorded from the Malay Peninsula ; Java. PTERIDOPHYTA. (With A. Gei'P, M.A., F.L.S.) Gleichenia dicabpa, B. Br., Prodr. 161 (p. 333). Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. (5407.) G. NoRRisii, Mett. ex, Kuhn, in Liumea, xxxvi. (1869-70) 165. Gunong Tahau, 3,300 ft. : climbing fern. Leaves bluish-white beneath. (5358.) Cyathea bkunonis, Wall, ex Hook., Sp. Fil. i. 15 (jj. 333), Gunong Tahan. (5379.) Alsophila Kinui, C. B. Clarke, ex Bedd. Hanclb. Ferns Brit. Ind. 475 (p. 333). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Tree-fern, stem about 4 feet high. (5425.) Matonia pectinata, B. Br., in Wall. PI. Asiat. Bar. i. t. 16 (2). 333), Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5351.) Lecanopteris carnosa, Blume, Enum. PI. Jav. 120 (jj. 333). Gunong Tahau, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; growing on trees on ridges. (5389.) Hymenophyllum polyanthos, 8iv., ill SchraA. Journ. 1800, 102 (p. 333). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; growing iu damp places ou trees, (5422.) 140 Tbichomanes pallidum, Bhnne, Eniim. PL Jav. 225 (p. S33). Guuoui: Talian. 5,000-6,000 ft. ; ou damp shady rocks. (5474.) T. piaiTATUM, Str., Syii. Fil. 370, 422. Guuoug Taliaii, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; i,'rowiug on rocks. Pale olive-green. (5401.) T. Pluma, Hool:, Ic. PL t. 997. Gunong Talian, 3,300-5,000 ft. (5359, 5385.; Trichomanes apiifolium, Preal, Hymenopli. 16, 44 {}). 334). Gunoug Tahau, 3,300 ft. ; growing in damp places. (5421.) T. KADicANS, Sc:., in Schrad. Journ. 1800, 97. Gunong Tahau, 3,300 ft. ; growing in damp places. (5419.) Specimen in very shrivelled condition, but apparently this species. HuMATA PEDATA, /. Smith, iu Hook. Journ. Bot. iii. (1841) 416 (f. 334). Gunong Talian, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; growing on trees. (5437, 5472.) Davallia pinnata var. gracilis, Hool-. and Bale, Syn. Fil. 98 (p. 334). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5377.) LlNDSAYA RIGIDA, J. Smith, l. C. 415 (p. 334). Gunong Tahan, 5,000 ft. (5547.) L. cuLTEATA, Sic, Syu. Fil. 119. Gunong Tahau, 5,000-5,500 ft. ; on rocks. (5521.) L. 8CANDENS, HooJc, Spec. Fil. i. 205. Gunoug Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; climbing fern on trees. (5368, 5418.) L. FLABELLULATA, Dryciiul., iu Tvaiis. Linn. Soc. iii. (1797) 41. Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5372.) L. DivEROENs, Wall, ex Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 226. Gunong Tahan. 3,300 ft. (5373.) Oleandea neriiformis, Cav., in Anal Hist. Nat. i. (1799) 115 (p. 334). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; climbing fern. (5357.) DiPTEKis HoRSFiELDii, Bt'dd., Fcrtis Brit. Ind. t. 321 (p. 334). Guuong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5350.) PoLYPODiUM HiETUM, Hook., Spec. Fil. iv. 170 {p. 334). Gunoug Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft, ; growing on trees. (5478.) P. STREPTOPHYLLUM, Bakef, in Journ. Bot. xvii. (1879) 42. Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; growing on rocks. (5394.) P. cucuLLATUM, Nees & Bhnne, in Nova Acta, xi. (1823) 121. Gunong Tahan, 6,000-5,500 ft. ; ou rocks. (5522.) 141 P. VENULOSUM, Bliime, Enmn. PI. Jav. 128. Gunoug Tahan, 5,000-0,000 ft. ; growiug on trees. (5463.) P. (Pbymatodes) stenophyllum, Blumc, Enum. PI. Jav. 124. Gunoug Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; growing on trees. (5386.) PoLYPODiuM Wrayi, Baker, in Journ. Bot. xxv. (1887) 206 (p. 335). Gunong Tahan : growing on rocks at 5,000-6,000 ft. (5494.) P. LACiNiATUM, Bhoiie, Enum. PL Jav. 131. Gunoug Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; growing on damp rocks. (5459.) ViTTARiA FALCATA, Kuuze. in Bof. Zeit. vi. (1848) 198 (j). 335). Gunoug Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; growing on trees. (5301.) TiENiTis BLECHNOiDES, Sic, Syn. Fil. pp. 24, 220 (p. 335). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; growing on the ground. (5345.) Elaphoglossum latifolium, J. Smith, in Hoolc. Land. Journ. Bot. i. (1842) 197 {p. 335). Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. ; growing on trees. (5464.) ScHiZi5BA MALACCANA, Baker, Siju. Fil. 428 {p. 335). Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; growing on the ground and on trees. (5403.) Lycopodium casuarinoides, spring, Monocjr. Lycop. i. 94 (p. 335). Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. ; climbing among high bushes, etc. (5398.) L. NUMMULARiFOLiUM, BluMe, EntoH. PI. Jav. u. 263. Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. (5541.) Selaginella pltjmosa. Baker, in Journ. Bot. xxi. (1883) 144 (p. 335). Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; growing on the earth in jungle. (5361.) S. Walliohii, Sprimj, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 143. Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Stalks dull red. (5414.) S. atroviridis, Spring, I. c. 124. Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Green, stalks dull red. (5366.) BRYOPHYTA. (By A. Gkpp, M.A., F.L.s.) Sphagnum Junghuhkianum, Doz. & Molk., Bryol. Jav. i. 27 {p. 335). Gunoug Tahan, 6,000 ft. Pale green, the tops pale reddisli-brown. (5435.) Eucamptodon macrocalyx, C. Midi., Syn. Muse. i. 346 (p. 335). Gimoug Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. ; growing ou 5527 {Eria teretifolia). Leucobryum chlorophyllosum, C. Mull., Syn. Muse. ii. 535 (p>- 335). Gunoug Tahan, 3,300 ft. ; growing ou trees. (5420.) U2 Trichosteleum scaurellum, Jaeg. OXUllUS (HERMAl'lIRODITl S) MILLER!, sp. mv. Type.— Adult female (skin and skull), No. 2821/07, Selangor Museum. Collected on Tioman Island, East Coast, Malay Peninsula, 9th October, 1907, bv H. C. Robinson. Original number 18. Characteks. — Smaller than Paradoxarits hennaphroditus and paler throughout, with brown, not black, markings. Dorsal stripes practically obsolete and upper proximal half of tail like back except mesially. Colour. — Greneral colour above a pale silvery di'ab-grey, slightly suffused with pale-buff posteriorly : hairs with ashy-brown bases and brown tips. Dorsal region with irregular rows of undefined brown spots, forming ou back of neck an indistinct dull mottling and dis- appearing on sides Avith which chest and abdomen are concolorous. Centre of abdomen suffused with buff. Limbs brown, slightly griz- zled with silvery except on feet. Muzzle, below eyes, cheeks, chin and throat, crown, ears and behind ears, brown ; crown and throat grizzled. A distinct pale brow-band which extends below ears to sides of neck. A few white hairs below eyes and on chin. Proximal half of tail like rump above, buffy below ; distal portion blackish- brown, extending towards the base along the median line of the dorsal surface : extreme base of tail below grizzled brown. Skull and Teeth. — When compared with skulls of Paradoxiirus hertnajjhroditus from the Peninsula that of P. ndlleri shows several essential diffei'ences. The least breadth between the maxillaries on the rostrum is much greater, while the posterior extension of the maxillaries is less : the constriction behind the post-orbital processes commences more suddenly and is far shorter, giving increased length to the brain-case. There is a far greater posterior extension of the palate ; the audital bullae are less dilated and truncated, but are somewhat flattened on the outer sides, while the anterior extremities are elongated into distinct spinous processes. Viewed laterally the upward flare or curvatui-e of the zygomatic arches is much less pronounced. The teeth are too worn for comment. } Post, p. 147. \u Measukemekts. — Collector's exterual meajiurements : head and body. 49o (533)1; tail. -4:32 {Ao2); hiud-fwt, 72 (111): ear, 45 (44). Cranial measurements : greatest len^h. 1ne on rostrum, 8 (6.5) ; zygomatic breadth, 59 (t>7). fcJpEciMENS EXAMINED. — One. the type. Kemaeks. — The principal characters of this mu»ang, as exhibited in an adult female obtained on Tiomau Island by Messrs. Ablx>tt and Kloss in 1899, were first noted by "Mr. Oerrit S. Miller (Proc. Wash- ington Acad. 8oi., 19W, p. 228;, after whom, now that its distinctness has Ijeen proved by the two further examples taken by Mr. H. C. Robinson (one in the British and one in the Selangor Museum), I have much pleasure in naming the species. Sciurus biliinitatug,'Miller: Smith. Misc. Coll., vol. lxv., p. 8 (part;. Type. — Adult male (skull and skin;. No. 2575 07, Selangor Mu.seum. Collected on Tioman Island, Southern China Sea, 14th Octoljer, 1907, by H. C. Kobinson. Original uumlx'r 69. Chaeactees. — Grenerally resembles Sciurus hiliinitatuis, Miller, (type from Trengganu;, but smaller and duller ; skull less robust with rostral region slenderer. Colo CE.— Upper surface a fine speckle of black and pale buff, the latter slightly l>righter and somewhat in excess on top of face, sides of neck, shoulders, thighs and feet. Ears, a ring round eyes, cheeks muzzle and chin ochi'aceous. Under-parts grizzled bluish-grey. Ventral area tinged ochraceous. Tail, above coarsely annulated black and buff-white, forming distinct bands on terminal portion ; Ijelow yellower. Sides striped whitish buff and black. Skull. — As in Sciurue biUmitatus, but with proportionately slen- derer rostrum ; the greatest combined breadth of the nasal bones Ijeing decidedly less than lialf their median length, while in Sciurua hilirnitatus they are never less than half. The audital bullse arc l^rhaps a little narrower and the basioccipal a trifle broader. MtASDREMESTS. — Collector's external measurements: head and body, 183; tail, 155; hind-foot, 39; ear, 18. Cranial measurements; greatest length, 47 ; ba.sal length, 38 ; zygomatic breadth, 28.5 ; cranial breadth, 22; palatal length, 20; diastema, 12; upper tooth-row, 9: ' Meaiiareineiitfl in parcnthesea are those of an adult male, Puradoxurus henna phrod-itug, from Kuala Kangsar, Perak (8. M. Ko. 1257/08;. 145 median length of nasals, 14; greatest breadth of both nasals, ^.75: interorbital breadth, 17. Specimens examined. — Three from the type locality. Remarks. — An insular form someAvhat smaller than that occurring on the adjacent mainland, and further characterised by slightly paler and bluer colouration, slenderer rostrum and generally less robust skull. MUS (SURIFER) MICRODON, .<etween anterior molars, 5 (5) ; medium length of nasals, 18.5 (17) ; interorbital breadth, 7.75 (7) ; cranial breadth, 17 (17.5) ; zygomatic breadth, 20 (20). Specimens examined. — Eight from the type locality. Remarks. — Thi.s insular form is strikingly charactei'ised by the great reduction that has taken place in the crowns of the molars. The change, however, does not yet appear to have affected the roots of the teeth, although the smaller size of the molar-row, combined with the broader foramina and inter-pterygoid space, causes the palate to appear wider: the mandible also, though proportionately less robust and powerful, and with the various processes somewhat atrophied, is not reduced in length. Compensation for these diminutions has been given in the form of a larger and hea"vaer rostrum. MUS VILLOSUS. sp. nov. Type. — Adult male(skin and skull), No. 1348/08, Selangor Museum. Collected in the Botanical G-ardens, Singapore, 12th July, 1908, by C. Boden Kloss. Characters. — A large member of the Mnelleri group, externally somewhat like Mus validits, Miller, but smaller, duller and less shaggy, and with colour of under-parts distinctly margined on sides. Fur long and moderately soft, devoid of spines, but thickly sprinkled with long coarse bristles. The skull like that of Mus validus except that the audital bullae are exceedingly large and dilated, most nearly resembling in this respect that of the smaller Mm annandalei, Bonh. Colour. — General colour above a grizzle of black and deep buff (pale ochraceous buff), darker posteriorly owing to the prevalence of the long black-tipped bristles which are everywhere present and which attain on the rump to a length of 40 m.m. Sides and limlis paler and duller, due to the grey under-fur showing through and to the absence of dark annulations to the hairs. Top of head and face and also below eye blackish, distinctly darker than cheeks and nock. Bflow pure buffy-white, sharply separated from the upper-parts, extending to the wrists and to the upper lip behind and below whiskers, but not to the ankles which are like the outer side of thigh. Along the sides of the abdomen a narrow stripe about 4 m.m. broad of pure buff. Hands and feet clothed with short dark-brown hairs. In males a brown prescrotal patch. Tail stout and unicolour, black, longer than head and body. Ear rounded. Skull. — Skull like that of Mas validus, but less robust and slenderer. Audital bullae deeper anteriorly than posteriorly : much larger, rounder and more dilated than those of any other local rat. Measureme.vts. — Collector's external measurements: head and l>ody, 222 ; tail, 251 ; hind-foot, 41 ; ear, 23. Cranial measurements : 147 greatest length, 52 ; basal length, 45 ; palatal length, 25 ; least palatal breadth, 475 ; diastema, 15 ; length of upper molar-row, 9 ; length of palatal foramina, 8.25 ; combined breadth of foramina, 3.25 ; median length of nasals, 20 ; interorbital breadth, 7 ; cranial breadth, 18 ; zygomatic breadth, 24 ; gi-eatest length of bullae, 8.5 ; greatest depth of bullae from highest point in inferior edge of squamous bono, 9 ; anterior breadth of basi-occipital, 5 m.m. Specimens examined. — Four, all from Singapore Island. Remarks. — Though allied to Mvs validus this rat may be im- mediately distinguished by the abruptness of the line of demarcation between the colours of the sides and abdomen. Its skull notal)]y differs in the larger bullae and less developed post-orbital ridges. A PEOVISIONAL LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF THE PENINSULAR REGION. By C. BODEN KLOSS. ^PHE last and most complete account of the Mammals of the Malay Peninsula previously drawn up was that of Mr. Stanley S. Flower (P.Z.S., 1900, pp. 338-351), in which about one himdred and forty species are recorded from our area. The work of naturalists during the last ten years, during which period there has been a great revival of interest in the Zoology of the Peninsula, has added considerably to the amount, which has been further increased by the discovery of a number of geographical races in the adjacent small islands that had hitherto remained unvisited, so that at the moment of writing, and disregarding reports shortly forthcoming on recent collections, the mammal fauna is now swollen to a total of nearly two hundre. 129. Gunumvs varius varillus. V^O. Rliizoinvs .siiuiatreiisis 181. Acauthiuu brachyuriim (Linn.). ! 132. Atheruriis luacrourus (Linn.). 133. Atherunis (macrounis) zy- gouiaticus, Miller. I 134. Atlierurus (macrourus) tio- uis, Thomas. 135. Atlicn-urus (macrourus) terutaus, Lyon. 13t). Trichys lipuva, Gnnther. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. Orokk INSECTIV'ORA. TREE SURKW.S, GYMNUR.VS, SHREWS AND I'LYIXG-LEMURS. Tupaia ferru^inea, Raffles. ' 145. Ci'ocidura murina (Linn.). Tupaia ferriiginea belau- 14(5. Crocidura muriiia eaerulea geri, Wagn. {Kerr). Tupaia (fen-ugiuea) sordi- 146rt. Crocidura fuscipes, Peters. da, Miller. Tupaia (f e r r u g i n e a ) pulouis, Miller. Tupaia malaccana, Anderson. Ptilocereus lowi, Gray. G y m u u r a r a ffl e s i , Vig. and Horsf. 147. Crocidura fuliginosa (Blyth). 148. Galeopterus t e m m i u c k i , Waterhouse. 149. Galeopterus (teiumiucki) pumilus (Miller). 150. Galeopterus (temmincki_) 208. 209. 210. loris (Miller). Hylomys suillus,, 151. Galeopterus (tern mincki) Mall, and Schleg. \ taylori, Thomas. Oedek CHIROPTERA. BATS (152-207.) (Vide post pp. 151-161.) Oedee CETACEA. WHALES, DOLPHIN'S AXD PORPOISES. Balsenoptera iudica, Blyth . 211. O r c e 1 1 a b r e v i r o s t r i s Physeter inacrocephalus, (Oiven). Linn. 212. Steuo p 1 u in b e u s , Dussumier. 213. Sotalia sinensis (Cr^tnel.), Phoecana phoecanoides, Cuv. 214. Delphinus delphis (Erxl). UuDEK SIREN 1 A, DUGOXOS. 215, Halicore dugoug, Illiget'. Orueh EDENTATA. 210, Mauis javanica, Dtffni. A LIST OF THE BATS OCCURRINd IN THE PENINSULAR REGION WITH A KEY TO THE GENERA. By C. BODEN KLOSS. OO far as I am aware I have enumerated in the following list all the bats known to us at present from the Malay Peninsula and its islands. Whilst, however, on the one hand, further investigation may prove that two or three of the species included Avill have to be finally omitted, continued collecting will undoubtedly result in further additions to the fauna as we are now acquainted with it, for the geographical distribution of several species occurring in surrounding regions indicates that^they should eventually l)c recorded from the Peninsula also, where a large extent of country, almost untouched, may still preserve forms yet undiscovered. The keys given have been compiled with reference to Peninsular genera only. There is at present nowhere in the East any collection of Malayan bats sufficiently complete to work out upon it a key to the species. With regard to the abbreviations used : — (Miller) following generic titles, refers to the most recent work on the subject. "The Families and Genera of Bats," by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., 1907. Blanford.— "The Fauna of British India. Mammalia," by W. T. Blanford, 1891. DoBSON. — "Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera," bv G. E. Dobson, 1876. Fas. Mal. Zool. — " Fasciculi Malayenses," of N. Annandale and H. C. Robinson, Zoology, Part 1. Mammals. P. A. N. S. P. — Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. P. W. A. S. — Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Science. P. Z. S. — Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. A. M. N. H. — Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London. J. A. S. B. — Journal of the Asiatic Societv of Bengal. P. A. S. B. — Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. J. S. B. R. A. S. — Journal, Straits Branch, of the Royal Asiatic Society. J, F. M. S. M. — Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. CHIROPTERA. KEY TO THE SUB-ORDERS. A. Neither nose-leaf nor tragus ; margin of ear forming an unbroken ring ; mandible with angular process practically absent or broad and low ... ... ... ... ... Megcichiro^.i era , B. Either nose-leaf or tragus, or both ; margin of ear interrupted at base ; mandible with angu- lar process well developed, long and narrow Microcluropfera, 1^)2 Sur.-OBi.i:i{ MEGACHTROPTERA. Family PTEEOPIDiE. KEY TO THE srB-FAMrLIEi*, A. Tongue moderate ; iuner margin of nostril projecting ; upper surface of mandibular symphysis forming conspicuous angle with alveolar line ... ... ... ... ... Pteropinie. B. Tongue very long ; no projecting margin to nostril ; upper surface of mandibular sym- pliysis parallel with alveolar line ... .'. Kinrlotinx. SrB-F.VMiLY PTEROPlXiE. KEY TO THE GENERA. A. Nec-k and shoulders much more warmly co- loured than rest of back : size larger, head and body much more than loO mm. ... Pteropus. B. Neck and shoidders not more Inilliant than rest of back : size smaller, head and body always less than 150 mm. o. Five upper and six lower cheek-teeth aside Roniiettos. h. Four upper and five lower cheek-teeth aside. riK Two pairs of lower incisors ... ... Cynopterus. 1^. One pair of lower incisors. «-. Tail present -. rostrum nearly straight al>ove ... ... ... ... ... Pfenochirus h-. Tail absent ; rostrum strongly concave above ... ... ... ... ... Meijit^rrq)ii. Oi-Ms PTEROPTS (MiLl-ER, p. 50J. 152. Pteropu.s edulis, Geoff. Pterojms ranijiyrvfi, Linn. Blanforcl, p. 25f». Dobson, p. 20. Throughout tlie Peninsular area except the islands of Tioman. Pennangil and Aor. 152fl. Ptekopus nicobaricus, Fitziinjer. Blanford, p. 2fiO. Dobson, p. 17. A female Fruit-bat from Great Redang Islan^l, oft Tringanu, has been identified by Bonhote (P.Z.S., 1900, p. 875) as P. nicoharicns, and the species is therefore included. Further confirmation is desired. P. condwensis, Peters, another dark Fruit-bat. mav eventual! v be disr-overed. 1526. Pteropus medius, Temm. Pterop7t8 (jifjontevs, Briinnich. Blanford. p. 257. Dolison, p. 18. 153 Miller (P.A.N.S.P., 1898, p. 316) doubtfully refers a young adult female from Trang to this species. Not otherwise recorded, 153. Ptbeopus (hypomelanus) lepidus, Miller. Miller, P.W.A.S., 1900, p. 237. Islands of Tioman, Pennaugil and Aor. 154. Pteropus (hypomelanus) tomesi, Peters, Tomes, P.Z.S., 1858, p. 536. A single male in the Selangor Miiseum from Pul. «!!>). 1»>1. EuNYCTERIS SPEL.^^A, Dobs07l. Blanford, p. 266. Dobson, p. 33. Tlie Peninsula. Sli!-okder MICROCHIROPTERA. KEY TO THE FA:MILIES. A. No»e-leaf absent, tragus present. eyond the membrane, which it leaves at the margin ; index finger with one indistinct joint ; upper incisors strong : postorbital processes absent ... ... Molossinie. 1." .*•) StJB-FAMILY RHTNOPOMIX^. I GExrs KHINOPOMA (Mii.i.er. p. 81). 102. Rhinopoma miceophyllum, Geoff. Blauford, p. 351. Dobson, p. 174. Rhinopoma hardwickii, Greiy ; Cautor, J.A.S.B., 184G. The Peuinsula, Ghirbi. Sub-family EMBALLONURIN^. KEY TO THE GENERA. A. Two pairs of upper and three pairs of lower incisors ; size smaller, head and body less than 50 mm. ... ... ... ... ... Emhallonura. B. One pair of upper and two pairs of lower incisors ; size larger, head and body more than 75 mm. ... ... ... ... ... Tcqtliomv!^. GExrs EMBALLONl'RA (Miller, p. 86). 1()3. Emballonura peninsulaeis. Miller. Miller, P.A.N.S-P., 1898. p. 323. Bonhote, Fas. Mai. Zool., vol. i., p. 18. ? Emhallonura semicaudata, Blanford, p. 345. The Peninsula and Singapore (type from Trang). Genus TAPHOZOUS (Mii.ler, p. 9.3). 1(j4. Taphozous melanopogon, Temm,. Blanford, p. 347. Dobson, p. 167. Flower, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 349. The Peninsula ; Islands of Langkawi, Penang and Singapore. 105. Taphozous longimanus, Hardwicke. Blanford, p. 348. Dobson, p. 170. Taphozous longimanus albijyennis, Thomas, A.M.N.H., ser. 7, vol. II., p. 246. The Peninsula. 100. Taphozous saccol>emus, Temm. Blanford, p. 350. Dobson, p. 172. Cantor, .T.A.S.B., 1846. The Peninsula, Penang, Singapore. 107. Taphozous afpinis, Dohson. Dobson, A.M.N.H., 1875, p. 232. Dobson, p. 173. A single example from Singapore is recorded by Ridley (J.S.B.R.A.S., No. 31, p. 104). 150 Sl-B-FAMILY MOLOSSINA^. KEY TO THE OENERA. A. Ears more or less united on forehead before eyes ; body • clothed with hair ; two pairs of lower incisors Cluerephon. B. Ears widely separated ; body essentially naked ; one pair of lower incisors ... ... ... Cheiromeles. Genus CHJJREPHON (Miller, p. 244). Ib8. Ch^rephon plicatus {Buclianan). Nyctinomus jilicatus, Blanford, p. 354; Dobson, p. 183. Nydinomus tenuis, Horsf., Cantor, J.A.S.B., 184G. The Peninsula and Singapore. 1()9. Ch^eephon johorensis (Dohsnn). Dobson, P.A.S.B., Jan., 1873. Dobson, p. 183. A single specimen is known from South Johore. Gencs CHEIROMELES (Miij^kr, p. 24!)). 170. Cheiromei>es torquatus, Horsf. Dobsun, p. 177. Flower, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 350. Penins\ila ; Singapore and Penang. Family VESPERTILIONID^. key to the suk-families. A. Tail shorter than head and body Vespertilioniwe. B. Tail not shorter than head and body Kerivoulirue. SiB-FAMii.v YESPERTILIONIN^. KEY TO THE GEXER.\. A. Only one pair of upper incisors ... ... Parhyohts. B. Two pairs of upper incisors. o. Upper and lower cheek-teeth six aside ... My of is. b. Upper and lower cheek-teeth five aside. a^. Fifth finger only slightly longer than the lartrest bone of fourth and middle fingers ... ... ... ... ... Pterygietes. fci. Fifth finger longer than the largest and next bone together of fourth and middle fingers. (I-. Outer upper incisor curved backwards Pipistrellus. h-. Outer upper incisor curved outwards... Glischropus. 157 c. Upper aud lower cheek-teeth four and five aside, respectively. 0^. Skull noticeably flattened, occipital depth less than one-third greatest length ; outer upper incisor level with inner ... ... Tylonycteris. h^. Skull not noticeably flattened, occipital depth more than one-third geatest length ; outer upper incisor directly behind inner Hesperoptenus. Genus PACHYOTUS (Miller, p. -ilit). 171. Pachyotus kuhli (Leach). NydiceJMs Iculili, Blanford, p. 320. Scotophilus temmincMi, Dobson, p. 120. Peninsula and Islands. 172. Pachyotus castaneus (Horsf.). Nycticejus Jmhli, Flower, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 346. Scotophilus castanetcs, Bonhote, Fas. Mai. Zool., vol. i., p. 17. Peninsula and Penang. , CtExus MYOTIS (Miller, p. 200). 173. Myotts hasselti (Temm.). X^esjicrtilio hasselti, Blanford, p. 330 ; Dobson, p. 126. The Peninsula. 174. Myotis adversus (Horsf.). Vespertilio adversus, Blanford, p. 330 ; Dobson, p. 128 ; Hanitsch, Eep. Raffles Mus. and Lihr., 1897, p. 11. Singapore. 175. Myotis oreias (Temm.). Vespertilio oreias, Dobson, Cat. Chir. B.M., p. 305. Singapore. 176. Myotis muricola (Temm.). Vespertilio muricola, Blanford, p. 337 ; Dobson, p. 134. The Peninsula, Penang and Singapore. 177. Myotis emarginatxjs (Geoff.). Vespertilio emarginatus, Dobson, p. 142. Bonhote, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 876. The Peninsula, Biserat (Bonhote). Gexus PTERYC4ISTES (Millee, p. 307). 178. Pterygistes noctula (Schreh.). Vesperugo nocttda, Blanford, p. 308 ; Dobson, p. 88. The Peninsula and Singapore. 158 Genus PIPISTRELLUS (Miller, p. 204). 179. PiPisTRELLXjs ABRAMUS (Tenim.). Vesperiigo ahrarmis, Blanford, p. 313 ; Dobson, p. 97. The Peniusula, Jalor ; Singapore ; Penang. 180. PiPISTRELLUS IMBRICATUS (Horsf.). Vesperu^o imbricatus, Dobson, p. 93 ; Flower, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 34. The Peninsula, Malacca. 181. PiPISTRELLUS TENUIS (Temm.). Vesperiigo tenuis, Dobson, p. 98. Kirivoula temiis, Cantor, J.A.S.B., 1846. Penang. 182. PiPISTRELLUS RiDLEYi, Thomas. Thomas, A.M.N.H., ser. 7. vol. i., p. 361. Selangor (type from Kepong). GExrs GLISCHROPLS (Miller, p. 205). 183. Glischropus ttlopus (Dohson). Vesperugo tylopus, Dobson, P.Z.S., 1875, p. 473. Dobson, p. 114. The Peninsula, Jalor (Bonhote, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 876). GEXirs TYLONYCTERIS (Miller, p. 212). 184. Tyloxycteris pachypus (Temm.). Miller. P.A.N.S.P., 1898, p. 321. Vesperugo pachypus, Blanford, p. 307 ; Dobson, p. 115. The Peninsula, Trang (Miller). Genus HESPEROPTEXUS (Miller, p. 211). 185. Hesperoptenus blanfordi, Dohson. Vesperugo hlanfo'rdi, Dobson, J. A S.B., xlti., p. 312 ; Blanford, p. 317. The Peninsula, Selangor, Johore (Anderson, Cat. Mam. Ind. Mus., pt. 1, p. 133). 186. Hesperoptenus tomesi, Thomas. Thomas, A.M.N. H., ser. 7, vol. xvi., p. 575. The Peninsula (type from Malacca;. SCB-FAMILY KERIVOULIXyE. GEXU8 KERIVOULA (Miller, p. 2.'J2). 187. Kerivoula picta (Pallas). Blanford, p. 339. Dob.son, p. 146. Kirivoula picta , Cantor, J.A.S.B., 1846. The Peninsula ; Penang (Cantor). 159 188. Kerivoula minttta, Miller. Miller, P.A.N.S.P., 1898, p. 321. The Peninsula (type from Trang). 189. Kerivoula bicolor, Thomas. Thomas, A.M.N.H., ser. 7, vol. xiv., p. 199. The Peninsula (type from Jalor), Family EHINOLOPHID^. key to the sub-families. A. A distinct antitragus markedly separated by a notch from the outer margin of the ear ; upper and hinder nose-leaf pointed ; six lower cheek-teeth aside ... ... ... Blihiolopliinse . B. A slight antitragus not separated by a notch from the outer margin of the ear; upper and hinder nose-leaf not pointed ; five lower cheek-teeth aside ... ... ... ... Hiiiposklerinpe. SUB-FAMILY EHINOLOPHTN^. Gknus RHINOLOPHUS (Mh.i.er. p. lOS), 190. Rhinolophos malayanus, Bonhote. Bonhote, Fas. Mai. Zool., vol. i., p. 15. Andersen, P.Z.S., 1905, vol. ii., p. 89. The Peninsula (type from Jalor). 191. Ehinolophus stheno, Andersen. Andersen, P.Z.S., 1905, vol. n., p. 91. The Peninsula (type from Selangor) ; Penang Island. 192. Rhinolophus afpinis superans, Andersen. Andersen, P.Z.S., 1905, vol. ii., p. 104. RhinolopTins affinis, Horsf. Miller, P.A.N.S.P., 1898. p. 819; Blanford, p. 274 ; Dobson, p. 47. The Peninsula, Trang and Pallang (type). 193. Rhinolophus refulgens, Andersen. Andersen, P.Z.S., 1905, vol. ii., p. 124. The Peninsula, Selangor and Perak (type from Gunong Ijau). 194. Rhinolophus minor, Horsf. Blanford, p. 276 ; Dobson, p. 50. The Peninsida, Batu Caves, Selangor (Thomas, A.M.N.H., ser. 7, vol. i., p. 361), Biserat (Bonhote, Fas. Mai. Zool., vol. r., p, 16). inn 195. "Rhtnolophus sedulus, Aiulersev. Aiulersen. A.M.N.H., se}'. 7, vol. xvi.. p. 247. The Peniusula, Paliaug. 196. Rhinolophus trifoliatus, Temm. Blanford, p. 272; Dobson. p. 41: Miller, P. A.N.S.P., 1898, p. 319. Andersen, A.M.N.H., ser. 7. vol. xvi., p. 249. The Peninsula and Sint^apore. 197. Rhinolophos luctus, Temm. Blanford, p. 270 ; Dobson, p. ^9 : Andersen, A.M.N.H., ser. 7, vol. XVI, p. 251. The Peniusula and Singapore. 198. Rhinolophus ccelophyllus, Peters. Blanford, p. 272 ; Dobson, p. 53. Andersen, A.M.N.H., ser. 7, vol. xvi., p. 651. The Peninsula, Kedah. SuB-FAMii.Y HIPPOSIDERIN^. KEY TO THE GENERA. A . Foremost part of nose-leaf not divided . . . Hijiposideros. B. Foremost part of nose-leaf divided into two distinct lappets ... ... ... Ccelops. Gksus HIPPOSIDEROS (Miller, p. 109). 199. HiPPOSIDEROS DIADEMA (Geoff.). Blanford, p. 284 ; Dobson, p. 64. Andersen, A.M.N.H., ser. 7, vol. XVI., p. 499. Tlie Peninsula, Jalor (Bonh., P.Z S., 1900), .Tohore (Thomas, P.Z.S., 1886), Penang (Cantor). 200. HiPPOSIDEROS ARMIGER DEBiLis, Andersen. Andersen, A.M.N. H., ser. 7, vol. xvii., p. 37. Hi]/posidero8 anniger, Hodgson; Blanford, p. 283. PhyUorhiva armigera, Dobson, p. 64. The Peninsula (type from Province Wellesley) ; Penang Island (Cantor, J.A.S.B., 1846). 201. HiPPOSIDEROS GALERiTus, Contor. Cantor, J.A.S.B., 1846, p. 183; Blanford, p. 287. Phyllorina galerita, Dobson, p. 69. The Peninsula : Singapore and Penang (type). 161 202. HiPPOsiDKROs LARVATUS (Horsf.). Blauforcl, p. 288. Miller, P.A.N.S.P., 1898, p. 319. Phyllorhina larvata, Dobson, p. 68. The PeniusuLi; Penaug (Cautor, J.A.S.B., 1846). 203. HiPPOSIDKKOS BICOLOR (Tl'linH.). Blaufortl, p. 289 : Flower, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 343. Phyllorhina bicolor, Dobsuu, p. 70. The Peuiusula ; Penaug and Singapore. 204. HiPPOSIDEROS STOLICZKANUS {Dohsoil). FhyUorhlna stoliczkaua, Dobsou, p. 61 ; Dobsou, P.A.S.B., 1871, p. 106. Penaug Island (type). Genus CCELOPS (Milljjk, i>. lia). 205. (J(KLOPs ROBiNsoNi, Bonhote. Bonhote, J.F.M.S.M., 1908, p. 4. The Peniubula (type from Guuoug Tahauj. Family NYCTERIDJ^. key to the c4enera. A. Tail long ; nose-leaf slight, consisting of a deep facial groove bordered by expansions of skin ; premaxillaries present ... ... ... NycUris, B. Tail absent ; nose-leaf distinct, loug and erect ; premaxillaries absent .. . ... ... ... Megaderma. Genus NYCTERlsS (.Miilek, p. 101). 206. Nycteris javanica, Geoff. Blanford, p. 295 ; Dobson, p. 79. The Peninisula, Malacca (Andersen, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. 1, p. 122), Jalor (Bouh., Fas. Mai. Zool. vol. i., p. 17). Gexcs megaderma (Millek, p. 103). 207. Megaderma spasma, Lbm. Blanford, p. 294 ; Dobson, p. 79. The Peninsula : Penaug and Singapore. I'.M.S. Governuxeut Pi-ess. ON A NEW 8FECIES OF CYOBNI^S FKOM THE MOUN- TAINS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. Bv HERBERT V. ROBINSON, l.m.z.s., m.b.o.l., DiRixTnK OK MrsKiMs, Feiikkatkd Malay Statks. CVOKNIS PKNINSILAUIS, .^7^ >i<>c. »^IMILAR to Cyornis vatesl (Salvad.) from Maui pur and Teuasserini aud Cyornis viuida (Swiuh.) from China aud Formosa, but considerably smaller than either; female with the under tail coverts pale chestnut buff. Adult Male. — Lores aud a narrow frontal band glossy black ; crown, rump and a patch behind the ear coverts shining cobalt blue ; mantle, back and wing coverts very dark purplish l)lue; ocular region, ear coverts, chin and throat black with a purplish wash, more deiined on the line separating the throat from tlie breast, which, with the rest of the \nider surface, the under wing coverts, luider tail coverts and a.xillaries, is chestnut ; primaries and secondaries l>lack, externally edged with purplish blue on their outer webs, the inner webs of the lesser primaries aud the secondaries edged with rufous l»iiff, more clearl}- defined on the innermost ; tail feathers black, the outer wel )S purplish blue : iris dark hazel ; bill black ; feet blackish brown. Total length. 5.8 in. (148 mm.) : wing, o.l in. (78 mm.) : tail. 2.95 in. (75 mm.) : tarsus, .69 in. (17.5 mm.) ; bill from gape, .62 in. (15 mm.). Adult Female.- Lores, facial and periocular region and throat dull greyish brown, speckled with rufous and black : crown and nape grey- ish, the feathers of the furnier with darker edges, presenting a scaly appearance ; back, mantle and rump brownish ochraceous, more yelloAv- ish on the rump ; upper tail coverts aud tail dull chestnut brown ; waug coverts dull brown edged wntli ochraceous ; primaries and secon- daries blackish bi-own, all except the outer primaries broadly edged with yellowish brown ; edge of wing and vmder wing coverts pale yellow- ish buff : axillaries greyish buff" : thighs ochraceous : breast, belly and flanks greyish : the feathers of the Invast in the centre edged with ochraceous buff' and with a clear whitish yellow patch in the centre of the belly : under tail coverts pale cliestn\it l,»utt' ; iris hazel ; bill black ; feet blackish brown. Total length, 5.23 in. (182 mm.j ; wing, 2.96 in. (75 mm.; ; tail, 2.65 in. (68 mm.) ; tarsus, .65 in. (16 mm.) ; bill from gape, .62 in. (15 mm.). Types. — Male and female, Telom, Perak-Pahang boundary, South Perak, Federated Malay States, collected on 28th November, 1908, by H. C. Kobinson and C. B. Kloss ; only the al>ove [>air were seen though nearly a mouth was spent in tlie locality. 10 1 Except for the cburacter of the frontal phunes this species, together with its near allies, C. oatesi aud C. vivida, would seem to be best placed in the genus Niltava, with which it agrees in tlu; presence of a bright patch behind the ear coverts in the male, though this is absent in the female. THE BIRDS AT PRESENT KNOWN FROM THE MOUN- TAINS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. I5Y HEKBEHT C. ROiilNSON, c.M.z.s., m.b.u.v., Director of Museums, Federateu Malay States. "XTO connected list has up to the present been attempted of the birds inhabiting the central mountain zone of the Peninsula, though various papers dealing with detached portions of it have appeared in tiie last few ywirs, which are duly noted in the Bibliography. I have, therefore, brought together all that is known on this region basing my conclusions on the very large material now in the Selaugor Museum, which, after the elimiuation of duplicates, amounts to over 8,000 specimens. Systematic collecting, more especially in Selangor, has been carried on during the last five years, and I think it is now fairly certain that but few if any more species remain to be discovered on the main range of the Peninsula, though, as I have stated elsewhere, it is possible that the mountains of Lakon on the N.-E. Coast may yield further novelties. Commencing from the north of the Peninsula, it may be well to detail the various mountains that have been collected on up to date with the collectors : 1. Mountains of Trang, latitude 7° 40' N., maximum height 3,000 ft. Large collections were made on these hills by Dr. W. L. Abbott, the well-known American Naturalist, in 1899, but no detailed account has ever appeared ; the following new species have, liowevei", l>een described from the collection In- Dr. C. W. Rich- mond : Oreocic/da o.JJimn JKthopyga anomala TunUmdun grant I Stachyris chrysops (synonym of >S'. bocwjei, postea') Criniger sordidus (synonym of C. ochraceue, pontea). '2. Bukit Besar,E. Coast, Malay Peninsula, latitude 6'^ 30' N., maxi- mum height 3,500 ft. Considerable collections were made here by Dr. N. Annandale and myself in 1901 and reported on by Mr. 0. Grant. The mountain ib isolated and no high level fauna occurs thereon. 3. Giiuuug luas. latitude o 10' N., lioi^lit o,8UU ft. A peak of the Larut rauge, which rims parallel to, but is not couuected with, the uiaiu rauije. A few Dutunlaiu birds were collected here bv Messrs. Yapp aud Laidlaw of the Skeat Expedition aud reported on by Bonhote, loc. cit., but the collections were quite small. 4. Gunoug Ijau ; Maxwell's Hill ; Larut Hills. These peaks are the southern tenniuat ion in about 4"^ 50' N. of the range, of which Gunoug Inas forms one of the northern summits ; thcv have been much collected on bv Wrav, Hartert and Butler, and large collections therefrom are to be found in the Taipiug Museiun, though unfortunately tliey have never been properly labelled aud have all been mounted and exposed to light. Collections from this regi<.>n, which varies in height from 2,000-4,750 ft , have been described by Sharpe, he. cit., (1) and (2) ; Butler, loc. cit., and Hartert; J.///r. 0., 1891, pp. 379-407. 5. Giuiong Batu Puteli, Telom, Bataug Padang mountains. These terms cover a district in the main central range of the Malay Peninsula centering round a point in about 4 15' N. aud ranging in altitude from about 3,500-7,000 ft. Large collections have been made here bv Wrav, mvself aud the collectors of the Selangor Museum, and are partially described by Sharpe (3) and Grant (1). (3. Semangko Pass aud neighbouring hills, 2,700-5,000 ft. A point in the dividing range of the Peninsula between Selangor aud Pahaug in latitude 3^ 40' N. at a height of, 2,700 ft., from which hills rise steeply on both sides to over 5,000 ft. The bulk of the mountain collections in the Selangor Museum have l)een obtained in this district, which is exceptionally well situated for collecting. 7. Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Gunoug Ulu Kali. Points in the main dividing range of the Peninsula from 4,200- 5,800 ft. in latitude 3" 25' N. ajjp. Large collections have also been made here and a few specim.ens are mentioned by Grant (2) loc. cit. 8. Giutiug Bidei, 2,300 ft. A pass on the main range about 20 miles south of Giuiong Mengkuang Lebah in latitude 3' 13' N. (q^i. ■ A few birds were collected here Ijy Butler and considerable series have been obtained by the Selangor Museum collectors, working from this as a centre from 1,500-4,000 ft. 9. Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilau, 2,600-3,200 ft., latitude 2^ 45' N. A control station on a spur south of the termination of the main dividing range. J (w; Liirge collectioub have beeu made heiv, but no luoimtaiu funus OCCUl'. lU. Mount Ophir, borders of Malatx-a and Johur, latitude 2° 20' N., 4,100 ft. high. Wallace and Whitehead made small collections here, and several species received by Blyth from his Malacca correspondents were probal>ly also from the vicinity. The lower slopes were favourite liunting grounds of the old Malacca trade skin hunters. No moimtain forms are knoAvn from the hill, which is (|uite detached. 11. Gunong Pulai. Johor, latitude 1^ 35' N., about 3,000 ft. Much collected on by Davison for Hume, whose collections passed to the British Museum. 1-. <.TUuong Tahan, an isolated massif on the east side of the main range, latitude 4^ 45' N., 7,150 ft. high. Collectep. 50(:S, 8. Quoted as Hartert and Butler. Butler, A. L. : Birds of the Larut Hills. Journ. Straits Branch Boy. Asiat. Sac, xxxii., pp. 9-31 (1899;. Quoted as Butler. Bonhote, J. L. : On the Birds collected during the " Skeat Exj>editiou " to the Malay Peninsula. 1899-1900. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1901 (}), pp. 537-580. Quoted as Bonhofe. Hartkkt. E. : Ou Birds from Pahaug, Eastern Malav Peuiusula. Novitates Zoologiae, ix., pp. 537-580 (1902). Quoted as Harlert. Ooilvie-Grant, W. R. : Report on the Birds. FasicuU Malayenses Zool., iii., pp. 65'123 (1905). Quoted as Grant (1). Ogilvie-Gtrant, W. R. : Gunong Tahan Expedition, Report ou the Birds. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mm., iii., pp. 15-57. pis. ii., iii. (1908). Quoted as Grant (2). LIST OF BIRDS. 1. ItinZOTIIERA LO.\GIROSTRlS-THE LONG-BILLED PARTRIDGE. Rhizothera longirostris (Tonini.) ; Grant, Cat. Birdit Brit, Mus., xxii., p. 183 ( 1893j. Giutiiig Bidci. 2.300 ft. ^lay, 1908. Almost omifiued to l^a.mhoo jungle and not asr-endiug the liills to more than ahout 3,500 ft. at the outside. •2. IRBOIilCOLA C'J.VPiiiSiL/ -CAMPBELLS TREE PARTRIDGE. Arboricola campbelli, Robinson and Grant, Ibis, 1905. p. 165, pi. iv. ; id., Journ. Fed. Mat. States Mns., i., p. 126. This very distinct Tree-partridge was originally described from a pair collected in the Telom Valley on the borders of South Perak and Pahang at about 3,800 ft. It has since ))een found to be not uncommon on Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Gunong Ulu Kali in Selangor at heights of 4,500-5,200 ft., numerous specimens having been traj>ped in these localities. A half-grown bird differs from the adult in having the white malai" stripe more developed and the grey feathers of the breast and sides of the abdomen broadly tipped with rufous ochraceous. The nest and eggs were discovered on Gunong Mengkuang Lebah in March, 1907, on the ground beneath a small stemless palm. The former is a loose pad of sticks and dead leaves very flat and about six inches in diameter ; the eggs, two in number, are pure white and somewhat glossy with numerous small scattered pores ; they are vei-y pointed at one end and measure A, 42 x 32 mm. ; B, 42 x 31.5 mm. 3. ROLLULUS ROULROUL-TnB CRESTED GREEX WOOD QUAIL. Rollukis roulroul (Scop.) ; Grant, Cat., p. 225 : Hartert, p. 539 ; Grant (2), p. 57. Bnkit Kutu, 3,000 ft. August ; Gunong Mengkuang Lobah, 5,200 ft. April. I can detect no tangible differences between these specimens and a pair collected in April at Tanjong Malim at the foot of the main range. The species is common throughout the Western Malay Peninsula with the exception of the swampy littoral belt. i. i' secured bv mvself at moderate elevations on Gimong Tahan. I do not think that it will ultimately prove to be confined to the mountains and I believe that I have heard its call, which is quite differ- ent from that of the common Argus, quite close to Kuala Lipis at not more than 300 or 400 ft. elevation. r.. hrminioy capellei-tue larger thick-billed green pigeox. Butrerou capellei (Temm.) : Salvad., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi., p. 32 (1893) ; Bonhote, p. 7& ; Hartert, p. 539 : Grant (1), ].. 122. One specimen was seen but not secnrerl, flying through the Se- mangko Pass in Febniary, 1908. 1. SPIIESOCEBCUS JiOJiiy.t. One. an adult female, was shot on the Semangko Pass on 16th 1 oo February, 1908 ; while anothoi", an inunaturo male in moult, was obtained in Pulau Evunpia — one of the Sembilan Islands, oft' the mouth of the Perak River— in March, 1906. Both have the centre of the abdomen jf>«?"e white, the under tail coverts pale chrome, broadly centred with greenish olive, and the tail greyish black tipped with paler grey. The male has the angle of the wing maroon and indications of a dove grey collar on the hind neck. The base of the feathers on the side of the neck is rufous. Wing of female about 5.9 in. The species is almost certainly distinct, but until more specimens are obtained I prefer not to describe it. !i. TRKROS .\rPALFX,SIS~THE THICK BILLKD GREKN I'IGKON. Trei'on uipaleusis (Hodgs.) -, Solvach, Gat., p. 34 ; Grant (1), p. 122. Semaiifjko I'asss, Sclangoi'-PaliaTig border, 2,7(>0 ft. February, March, 1904, 1908. During February and March on dark and x-ainy nights, accompanied by wind, this species often flies in numbers into the window of the Rest House, which is situated in the middle of the pass with steep hills on either side. On one evening in February, 1904, thirteen were thus captured. The species is abimdant in the foot hills, especially when the haytt ara, a variety of fig of which it is very fond, is in fi'uit. 10. OSMOTREROX Oi.lA'-THE LITTLE (JREEN PIGEON. Osmotreron olax (Temm.) ; Grant (1), p. 121. ? . Semangko Pass, Selaiigor-Pahang- border, 2,700 ft. 24th February, 1908. Very common in the low country, l)ut only accidental on the high hills. The specimen enumerated above flew to light togethei' with Ptilhwpus jamhu. 11. PTILTXOPUfil JAMliU-TBE VINK-HEADED FRT'IT DOVE. Ptilinopus jambu (Gm.) ; Salvad., Cat., p. 80 ; Hartert, p. 539. 2 )->e('imens collccteil by Wray on the Larnt Hills. 1 1. M.KROPyaiA niFJCKPS-THK LITTLi: .MALAY CTCKOO l>OVR. Macropygia rnficeps (Temm.) ; Soh-ad.. Cot., p. 300 : Bvthr. p. 30 ; Hartert, p. 540: Grant (2). p. 53. Very common throughout the central portion of the Peninsula from the foot of the hills to over 5,00() ft., especially in the neighbourhood of the hot springs which are not uncommon. I can detect no difference whatever between specimens from 5,000 ft. and those from 200 ft. 15. CHALCOPIIAPS 7.V1>/C.1- THE BROXZE-WIXGED GROUND DOVE. Chalcophaps indica (Linn.); Salva<1., Cat., p. 514; Butler, ip. SO ; Bonh., p. 77 ; Hartert, p. 540; Grant (1), p. 120; id. (2), p. 53. Fairly common throughout the hills, but more so at 2,000 ft. tlian at higher elevations. TJauges up to 4,500 ft. W. UALLISA SIPRliVILIAltlS- THI-. IJAXDED ( UAKK. JJallina superciliaris (Eyton) : Sharpe. Cut. Birdo Brit. 3fy».«.. xxiii., p. 76 (1894) ; Grant (1), p. 120. Apparently visits the high mountains of Perak in winter ; one was ti-apped near the Telum River in Noveml)or, 1908, two or three miles from the locality whence a specimen was secru-ed in January, 1902. 17. ACCIPITEK GULARTS~THE V.XLWXS BE.SRA. Accipiter virgatus (Temm.); Butler, \>. 29; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas., l, p. 150 (1874j. Accipiter gularis (Temm. and Schleg.) : Grant. Ihi.i. 1890. pp. 104 et »eqq. (J. Gunoug Mengkuang Lebah, Sel.ingor, o,200 ft. 3rf the lower surface. The immature male has the under surface barred with rufous buff and white ; breast and upi^or part of the belly with dark brown sliaft stripes, more marked on the breast ; black throat and mousta- chial stripes pronounced ; feathers of the sides of the neck broadly edged with rufous ; crest ])lack faintly ti})ped with white, lores grey. * !;•. ICTINAETUS 3[ALA I'EXSIS -THFj BLACK EAGLE. Ictiuaetus malayensis (Kheinw.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. i., p. 257 (1874) ; Sharpe (2), p. 433 ; id. (3), p. 268. Very fairly common in the high hills, especially in Larut, but practically impossible to secure except wliere there are large clearings. I have seen it on almost every hill. I have spent raoie than a day or Iwo upon. Not often met with in the low country. :>0. SP1ZAET1K ALBOyidEIi BLYTHK TIAWK KAOLK. Spizaetusallnmiger (Blyth) : Sharpe, Cat., p. 271 : Butler, p. 29 : Grant (1), p. 114. Very common on the Government Plantation on the Larut Hills, Perak, where it is very destructive to chickens, and also met with though moi-e sparsely in the low country ; much rarer in Solangor and Pahang. Spizaetuslimnaetus (Horsf.), mentioned by Sharpe (2), p. 433, but of wliich he did not examine specimens, is far more probably this species. 21. IIETEROSCOPFi VULPES-THE MOI'NTAIX SCOPS OWL. Pisorhina luciae, Hartert, p. 541. Heteroscops vulpes. Grant, Bull. B.O.C., xix.. No. cxxvii., p. 11 (1906); id. (2), p. 51. 2 . Gnuong Meiigkuang Lebali, 4,SU() ft. 13rli Man-li, 1907. (? imni. Soniangko Pas.^, 2,700-4,000 ft. 7ili March, 1908. The immature bird is in a dai*k brown, not rufous, phase of plumage and is devoid of the whitish outer webs to the inner scapulars. Probably by no means rare on the higher mountains, where the hoot of a small owl is often heard, but not oft^n obtained. 172 22. GLMCIItn M IlllOhllU TlIK COLLAUl'.l) I'KiMY OWLKT. Glaut'idiuin brodiei (Biirtou) ; 8harpe, Cal. Birds Brit. Mas., ii., p. 212 (1875) ; id. (2), p. 434; Grant (2), p. 52. Fairly commou ou the Seinaii<,fko Pass and also on the mountains of South Perak. 23. SrSXIUM .VAlXGAVI-TflY. M.VLAYAX WOOD OWL. Syruium niaingayi, Hume, Stray Feathers, \i., p. 27 (1878) ; Sharpe a), p. 470; Grant (2), p. 51. S'. indrani or S. neivarense. 2.1. ALCEDO ErnrZOXA-THV. BROAD-ZOXED KINGFISHER. Alcedo euryzona (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,x\n., p. 154 (1892): Hart'ert.-p. 543. Though I have never ()btained a specimen, and though there ai'e none in the Selangor Museum, I insert this bird in the list, as we con- stantly met with a single individual on the Semangko Pass in February, 1908, though it was so exceedingly wary that no one of our party was able to oV)tain it. It was also not uncommon at Kuala Teku at the foot of Gunong Tahan. There is a specimen in the Perak Museum from the vicinity of Taiping. 26. CEYX TJUDACTVLA-yALLX'S THREE-TOED KINGFISHER. Ceyx tridactyla (Pall.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 174. Though abundant i)n deep jungle streams in the low country, birds uf this genus are rare on the hills. There are two specimens in the Museum, iminature and male adult, from the Semangko Pass, shot in Novemlx?r and February, respectively. i7. JirCEIiOS RUIXOCEROS-mV. RHIXOfEROS HORXP.ILL. Buceros rhinoceros (Linn. ) ; Ofjihie-Granf, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas., xvii., p. 352 (1892) ; Bvtler, p. 26; Hartert, p. 543. Common in hills and low country and old jungle, but very hard to secure. 2% jjiciwcEROs nicoRXifi-i\iV. ho:mrai horxhill. Dichoceros bicomis (Linn.) ; Grant, Cat., p. 355 : Bntler, p. 26 ; Bonhot^, p. 70; Grant (V), p. 108. 1 ►-o I t •) Often seen I'l-oiu hill t(.)ps tiviug over thu tops of llu- trees beiow. but not often uot. More abundant in tlie northern half of the Peninsiila. 20. RHl'TIDOCFffOS UNDULATUS-TUE MALAYAN WREATHED HORNBILL. Khytidoceros undulatus (Shaw) ; Grant, Cat., p. 382. (? ? . Gunoiig Ulti Kali, Sclangor, -i,800 ft. January, 1906. Occasionally met with in flocks of up to ten or twelve individuals, .but rare, .•30. AXOliJiHryrS GALERITrS-TUV. UrSHY CRESTED IIORXBILL. Anorrhiuus galeritus (Tenini. ) ; Grant, Cat., p. 391 ; BntJer, p. 26 ; Grant (2), p. 48. Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. February, 1904, 1908. Ginting BiiTei, 2,300 ft. May, 1908. A characteristic hill bird, which, though not ascending very high on the moimtains, is not found in the plains ; common in the above localities. 31. BEREXICORXIS C03IATUS-THE LOXG-ORESTED HORNBILL. Berenicornis coniatus (Raffles) ; Grant, Cat., p. 423. We have no very recent or exactly localised specimens of this magnificent Hornbill in the Selangor Museum. It is quite common in the State, but keeps to very high jungle, feeds on high trees and flies very high, and is, therefore, not an easy bird to procure. Ci-ossiug the Semangko Pass in a motor car in December, 1908, we observed near a summit a flock of nine or ten adult and immature birds perched in a tree near the road. They appeared quite undisturbed at our approach. .•J2. RHIXOPLAX VIGIL-inE HELMETED HORNBILL. Rhinoplax vigil (Forst.) ; Grant, Cat, p. 427 ; Bntler, p. 26 : Grant (1), p. 108. Also fairly common. 33. XYCTIORXIS AMICTVS-TYiE VERMILION-BEARDED BEE-EATER. Nyctiornis amictus (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mv^.. xvii.. p. 90 '(1893) ; Butter, p. 29; Hartert, p. 544; Grant (2), p. 49. Common nearly everywhere, in fairly open jungle, up to about 3,500 ft. on the main range of the Peninsula, most abundant at from 1,000-1,500 ft. at. LYXCORXIS TEMJnXCKT-GOVLBii EARED NIGHT-JAR. Lvncornis temmincki (Gould.) ; Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mns.. xvi.. p. 606 (1892) ; Hartert, p. 544. Not so common in the hills as in the low country, but generally to be met with on the Semangko Pass, where its peculiar note teet-ta-bu is constantly heard. 174 :i.-,. (M'UIMlUlls .KIT iKA-nW. .11 .\<;l,i: NKillT .lAK. Capri inulyus jot akii (Tonnn. iiiul Schleg.): Harterf. Caf.. p. 552;* Groat (l),p. 107. Caprimulgus iudicus jotalca, Butler, p. 28. Semangko Pass, 2.7(X) ft. Fcbruarv, 1908. Tel6ui, Porak-Paliang boidor, 3,o00 ft. Janimrr and Novembei', PossiWv ivsidcut tliroiiglionl the year 07\ tlie moiiutains. In the lowlands and ou the islands of the Straits of Malacca it is met with only in the winter months, when it is abundant. 3«1. COLLOCALTA /.V.VO.V/.VJr.l -HUMES SWIFTLKT. Collocalia iunominata (Hume) ; Hartert, Cat., p. 503. SGTiiangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boiindaiy, 2,70<^^) ft. February, 1904, 1908. CniidTig Mengkuaug Lebab, Selaiigor, 1,800-5,200 ft.. Marcli, 1907. Terv widely distributed throughout tlie State of Selangor from tlie mangrove swamps on the coast to the tops of the highest moiuitains : l^ut. together with other sj^ecies of Cyj^ixe/.ldn'. commonest at tlie Semangko Pass. These specimens may not impossibly represent C. gigas, Hartert, collected by Butler on the Semangko Pass. At the moment I have not access either to authentic specimens or to the description so prefer to i-ecord them as C. rnnow'nwia with the description of which they ]>erfectly agree. S7. rOLJ.OCAIJA A,/.VC7/A-IIORSFIKLl)'S SWIFTLET. C'ollociilia lindii (Hovsf. anruarv and May have indications of the same, though iu one case they are very faint. The Perak Museum also possesses a sj>ecimen of Gh. indica shot iu the neighbourhood of Taiping. J. iiiii iiR-liued to think that, while Cli. ijiyuiitea is the ivsideut t'onu, Ch. indica migrates south in winter, while i>ossil>ly interbreeding also takes place. 40. CILETUJi.l (OCniNCHIXKySIS-nW. INDO CUI.NKSK SPINE-TAIL SWIFT. (Jhsetura c-ochinehiueusis (Oust.); Hurfrrf, Cat., p. 491; id., Ibis, 1896, p. 45tl. Chaetura kkesii (Buttik.) ; Harkrf, Cat., p. 491 (synonym). Somangku I'tiss, 2,7tH) ft. Noveinbcr, liJOU. A. L. Hiiclcr [c]. Ditto, Fehniiiry, liXKS. This very distinct species differs from the other large Spine-tail Swifts iu its smaller size, wing 7.0-7.3 in., its smoke-grey throat, dearly differentiated from the rest of the luider parts and in having the centre of the l)ack pale whitish brown. It is by far the most abun- dant sjjecies of its genus on the Semangko Pass, and is also known from Larut, Perak. U. I'Jl.ETHi.i LIJVCOl'lOIM.I.s Till; WIlITi: laJIl'Kl) ,^1'INE TAIL SWIFT. Cha^tura leucopygialis (Blylh) : Hartnt, Cut., ]>. 490 ; Butler, p. 27. V. Sciuuuyko Piiss. 2,7U0 ft. IMuy, 1!»U2. Kare iu Selangor or perhaps easily overlooked. The above specimen is the only one in the Selaugor Museum. As noted by Butler, its Hight is not nearly so swift or direct as that of its larger congeners, more resembling that of CoUocalia. 42. CIPSELUS PACIFICUS-'i'llK L.UIGK WHITE RL.MPLD SWIFT. Cypselus pacificus (Lath.) ; Hartert, Cat., p. 448. Very common at the Semangko Pass in February, 1908, and also at Kuala Lumjiur di.u-iug rainy, windy weather in October, 1907. Hitherto its occurrence iu the Peninsula has rested on a specimen c^ of the British Museum Catalogue obtained by Cantor in Peuaug. 4-3. TACHOJiXIS INFUMATA-THTi EASTERN PALM-SWIFT. Tachornisinfumata (Sclat. j ; Hartert, Cat., p. 467 ; Grant (1), p. 107. Hemaiigko Pass, Selaugor-Pahang boundary, 2.700 fi. February, 1908. Fairly common, but not so abundant as the two species of CoUocalia that lly with it. 41. MAVROl'TElilX LO\OII>E.\XI,S THi: CRESTED TREE SWU'I'. Macropteryx longipennis (Ratin.) ; Hartert, Cat., p. 514; Butler, p. 28; Sharpe (3), p. 278 ; Grant (2), p. 47. ¥ . Bukit Kutu, Ulu Selangor, 3,000 ft. August, 1902. 2 ? . Semangko Pass, Selaugor-Pabang boundary, 2,700 ft. February, 1908. Ranging as high as 5,000 ft. Macropteryx comata (Tenmi.) has not yet been met with at any elevation on the Selangor main range, though common among the foot hills. 176 15. MACROPTKRYX (•OMATA~'Y\\\'. TlTTi;!) TltKK SWIFT. MiaruplWYX coiuata (Temm.) ; Hortert, Cat., p. 517: Shut not met with as yet on Gunong Tahan. 17. I'YROTROGOX XEGLECTIS-'YHE M.\LAYAN TKOGON. Harpactes diardi (Temm.) ; Grant, Cat., p. 432 {partim ex Malacca and Sumatra). Pvrotrogon ueglectus, Forbes and Mobinsvn, Bull. Liverpool Mus., ii.. p.' 34 (1900) ; Hartert, p. 544. Bv no means common anywhere, except cjuite in the south of the Peninsula. The Selangor Museum possesses specimens from low elevations only. 48. PYROTEOGOX JUUVAUCELI-IHV. RED-RUMPED TROGOX. Harpactes duvauceli (Temm.) ; Grant, Cat., p. 491 ; Sharpe (1), p. 353 ; Butler, p. 28 ; Bonhote, p. 70. •Pyrotrogou duvauceli, Hartert, p. 544; Grant (1), p. lOO. Recorded by Butler (loc. cit.) from as high as 3,500 ft. on the Larut Hills. Quite the commonest of the family in the low country. Jtt. PYROTROGOX ORL'SCICS-Tlli: YELLOW UREASTED TROGOX. Pyrotrogon (Harpactes) oi-escius (Temm.) ; Grant, Cat., p. 494 ; Sharpe (3;, p. 280 ; Grant (1), p. 106 ; id. (2), p. 45. ? . Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,300 ft. May, 1908. By no means common and apparently inhabiting a somewhat restricted zone from about 2,(J00-4,000 ft. CUOULID^. :a>. SVRXlCiLi.s LLGLJiRJ.S-THK JjRO>»GO CUCKOO. Surniculufi lugubris (Horsf.) ; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mne., xix., p. 227 (189) ; Hartert, p. 544; Grant (1), p. 106; id. (2), p. 45. J ad. Suniaugku Pass, .Solauyw-Pahaug boundary, 2,7fX) It. February, 1904. e ad. „ „ „ 1908. :,; pulL „ ,, 24tli February, 1908. The last-mentioned chick was found in the nest of a Flycatcher — Cnjptolopha hutleri, Hartert — built under an overhanging bank, and the 177 male foster-parent was sh(.>l while iu atteudauee. The youugster is clothed throughout Avith black ft.>atliers very broadly tipped with white, less so ou the back. 31. IllEliOCOCCyX A'Ot'A7-\\.VKUL,A\V KAMS.U'S ll.VWK CUCKOO, Hierococcyx bocki (Wardl.-Rams.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 234. I include this species iu the Peniusular list ou the strength of a mounted specimen from the Larut Hills in the Taiping Museum, ■\viiicli, I am assured by Mr. Wray, the late Curator, was so identified by Dr. Sharpe. H. sijarcerloUles also occurs in the winter months iu the low country. r,-2. llIEROCOCCyX /'tt^.IA'-HORSFIELD'S HAAVK CUCKOO, Hierococcyx fugax (Horsf.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 236; Shai'iie (2), p. 442. I have not myself met with this species in the Malay Peninsula, but it was very abundant on Pulau Jemor — a small islet in the Straits of Malacca — in November, 1906, together with several other migratory Cuckoos. .J3. CUCULUS POLIOCEPIIALUS-TRH S3IALL CUCKOO. Cuculus poliocephalus (Lath.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 255 ; Blaadfonl, Faun. Brit. lad. Birds, iii., p. 209 (1895). (? ad. Guuoug Uhi Kali, Selaugor, 4.,80O-5,SO0 ft. February, 1906. $ ad. Seniajigko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boundary, 2,.500 ft. February, 19U8, Shelley and Blandford (loc. cit. supra) both state that this species is found in the Malay Peninsula, but I do uot know on what specimens their statement is founded. No recent collector has met with the species, and there are no specimens from the Malay Peninsula iu the Hume collection iu the British Museum. The species is almost certainly a migrant remaining for a very short time ou the mountains of the Peninsula, as is the case with several other birds, 5K CAC03IANTIS MEBULTNUS-TRT. RUFOUS-BELLIED CUCKOO. Cacomautis meruliuus (Scop.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 268 ; Bonhote, p. 74: Hartert, p. 545 ; Grant (1), p, 105. 9 . CHuting Bidei, Sclungor, 2,300 ft. May, 1!)U8. Common iu the low country from December to May, but not often found in the hills. 55. CENl'ROPU.S SI\Ey>SIS-THE CROW I'HEASANT. Centropus smeusis (Steph.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 343; Bonhote, p. 74; Grant (1), p. 105. c intermediate between the two abovc- mcutii.'ucd s])ccie!<. o7. Riioi'uiiirr.a m matuasi .s-vwv. simaiuax (aiEi^x imlllk MAI.KOHA. Khopodytes sumatranus (Raffles) ; Shdlei/, Cat., p. 891 • Uartert, p. 545 ; Gmnt (2), p. 43. Common on Gunong Tahan up to about 4,(.>U0 ft., hut not met Avith on other mountains at any elevatiou. 0^. ZAyCLOSTOMlS J ArAXICVS-'iHY. IKSSKK UKI) lUl-LlvD MALKOHA. Zanclo.stomus javanicus (Horsf.); Shelhij, Cat., \). o80 ; Bonhote, p. 76 ; Haiiert, p. 545 ; Gnnd ( 1 ), p. 104 : /(/. C2). p. -44. S . Bukit Kiitii. Uiii Sulaiigor, 3,0O0 ft. Augiibt, ]y02. 6. Giiiiiug likld. Selaii-ror, 2,:i00 ft. May, 1008. Sparsely distributed from sea level to 5,000 ft., but commonest about 8,000 ft. Usually met with in ]»amboo jungle. 0!t. lEOCOCCix Kinr/iROoyATj/r.s thk (;ki;atkr ued willed MALKOHA. Urococcyx erythrognathus (Hartl.) : Shelley, Cat., p. 398 ; Bonhote, p. 7Q; Grant (\), p. 104; id. (2), p. 44. Biikit Kiuu. Liu Selaiigur, 3,000 ft. August, lt»02. Of onlv accidental <.>ccurreuce in the mountains. CAPITONID.E. (W. CALORirAMPIll'S 7/.ll'/-THE UROWX BARBET. Calurhaiiijdius hayi (J. E. Orey) ; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Muh., xix.. p. 51 (1891) : Butler, p. 25 : Hnrtc-t, p. 51';; Gra»f r2), p. 48. (Milting Bulc'i, 2,300 fi. -Max. . . 179 Very common iu low country jungle, but becoming much scarcer in the mountains up to 3,000 ft., above which it does not occur. (;i. VIIOTORIIEA villi rSOPOGOX-THE GOLD WHISKERED BARBET. Chotorhea chrysopogon (Temm.); Shelley, Cat., p. 57 ; Butler, p. 25 ; Bonhote, p. 72 ; Grant (1), p. 108; id. (2), p. 43. Bixkit Kutu, Selangor, 3,000 ft. August, 1902. Distribution similar to tho preceding species, but much scarcer. (!-2, CHOTORHEA VFBSWOLOR-THE MANY-COLOURED BARBET. Chotorhea versicolor (RafHes) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 59; Grant (1), p. 103. Megalsema versicolor, Sharjye, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 280. Rare on the mountains and not abundant anywhere. m. CTANOP/S OORTI-MIJ LLER a BARBET. Cyanops oorti (MiiUer) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 71 ; Butler, p. 25 ; Uartert, p. 546 ; Grant (2), p. 43. Megalsema oorti, Sharpe (2), p. 442. Common on the mountains of the main range from Northern Perak to the Semangko Pass. Also on the Larut Hills and Guuong Tahan, but not descending below 3,000 ft. W. CYAXOPS i?-lJ/,S'.ll'/-RAMSAY'S GOLDEX-THROATED BARBET. Cyanops ramsayi (Wald.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 70; Sharite (2), p. 442 ; Bonhote, p. 73 ; Hartert, p. 546 ; Grant (2). p. 43. Distribution identical with the preceding. 05. CVANOPS ^nsrAC'OPHAXE.S-'VRE GAUDY BARBET. Cyanops niystacophanes (Temm.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 72 ; Bonhote, p. 73 ; Grant (1), p. 102. 9 . Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. May, 1908. Also from Rantau Panjang in the Selangor low country, but much commoner in the northern parts of the Peninsula. Oi;, MESOBUCCO DUVAUCELl-THE CRIMSON-EARED BARBET. Mesobucco duvauceli (Less.) ; Shelley, Cat., p. 85: Butler, p. 24; Grant (1), p. 101. Bukit Kutu, Selangor, 3,000 ft. August, 1902. Sporadic, but fairly common in the low country wherever met with. All six specimens before me have the ear coverts strongly washed with verditer blue. They need comparison with typical M. duvauceli and with M. cyanotis, which is only a sub-species, from Tenasserim. Mar., 1900, 180 .;:. I'SjLoi'oaox itrolopjilsthk firk tltti;]) uAunKT, Psilopogou pyrolophus (S. Mull.); Shelleij, Cat., p. 98; Bvtl>:i\ p. -24 : Sharpe (1), p. 352 : /(/. (2), p. 442 : Grant (1), p. -101 : /(/. (2), p. 48. Distribution similar to C. vorti aud mmsayl, except that it does not occur on Gum>Ui>- Talian and ranijfcs lower down tlie bills? to about 2.200 ft. Exceediiiiilv common wherever met with. INDICATORIDiE. *». IXDICATOR 3IALAYAyLS-rHV. -MAL.VY HONEY GUIUK. Indicator archipelagicus (Tenim.) ; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas., xix.. p. 4 (1891) {partim.) Indicator malayanus, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1878, pp. 794, 795 (Malacca) ; Hume, Stray Feather;-, viii., p. 155 (Klaug). A single female specimen of a Honey Gruide was shot in the vicinity of a bee's nest at Gintiug Bidei, 2,300 ft., on 13th May, 1908, by one of the Museum collectors. Like the type of the species from Malacca and Hume's bird from Ivlang, the present specimen lacks the yellow shoulder spot jn'esent in both sexes of I. archipelagicus, so that the Peninsular form may well lie regarded as distinct under Shai'j^e's name /. )uaJayanns. The bird before me, which is perfectly adult, agrees fairly well with the type description, but has the breast strongly washed \f\i\\ dull greyish aud is decidedly small. Wing 3.4 in. against 3.9 in. PICID^. W. GECIM'fi nOBGEIil—liiODGTiRii GREEN WOODPECKER. Gecinus chlorolophvis, Haryitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii.. pp. (iO, 62 (part, specimen v'") (1890) ; Sharjje (2), p. 443. Gecinus rodgeri, Hartert aud Butler, p. 508 ; Butler, p. 23 ; Grant (2), p. 42. Common on the hills of the Peninsula from 3,000-5,000 ft. from Larut to Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, but not on Gunong Tahan. Numerous specimens are in the Selangor Museum from Semaugko Pass, Gunong Ulu Kali and Gunong Mengkuang Lebah. UK GECIMS PUNICEVS OBSERVANVUS—'IRV. CRIMSON-WINGED GKEEN WOODPECKER. Gecinus puniceus (Horsf. ) ; Haryitt, Cat., p. 04; Sharp)e (3), p. 279. Gecinus piuiiceus observaudus, Hartert, Nov. Zool., iii., p. 542: id., t.c, ix., p. 547 ; Grant (1), p. 101 ; id. (2), p. 41. Common throughout the State, except in the mangrove swamps, extending up the hills to about 3,000 ft., where it meets aud is replaced by the succeeding species. There are specimens in the Selangor Museum from the Semaugko Pass aud Gintiug Bidei, besides numerous lowlanJ localities. 181 71. GECrXL'S ROni.WSOyi-THK BLACK-CAPl'Kl) WOODl'ECKliU. (xociniis robiusoui, Grunt, Bull. B.O.C., xix., No. c, xxvii.. p. lU (1906) ; id (2), p. 42. The types of this Woodpecker, whose nearest ally is Geciuus occipi- talis which occurs iu Tenasserim, were obtained on Gimoni; Talian between 5,300 and 6,000 ft., and up to the present remain unique. The species will, however, not improbably l)e found on the high mountains in the vicinity of Temong<,)h. where the Kelantan, Perak and Pahang frontiers converge. 72. OAUROl'ICOWES JlAFFLESl-KXVVLV.'ii THRKK TOKD \V(JODPEC'KEK. Grauropicoides rafflesi (Vig.) ; Hanjitf, Cat., p. 132; Grant (1), p. 100; id. (2), p. 41. A local species, not as a rule ascending the hills to any great eleva- tion, and commoner in the southern half of the Peninsula. 73. GECINULUS VIBIDIS-'nm GREEK BAAIBOO PECKER. Gecinuliis A'iridis, Blyth ; Jonrn. Asiat. Soc. BeityaJ, 1862, p. 341 ; Hanjitt, Cat., p. 136 (1890) ; Bohinsoii, Jonrn. Fed. Malay States Mu- seums, ii., p. 1&, No. 306 (1908). Male. — General colour above golden olive green, yellower on the sides of the occiput and nape ; crown of head and nape rich scarlet, the feather greenish at their bases ; rump and upper tail coverts flecked with scarlet, beneath duller olive green ; primaries and secondaries dull brown : the outer webs margined with olive green, more broadly on the secondaries, the inner webs with large white spots ; axillaries and under wing coverts dusky, with buffy white spots ; tail feathers blackish brown, the outer webs fringed with olive, and the inner webs with buify white spots ; shafts black ; iris chestnut ; tarsi and feet plumbeous green ; bill livid bluish grey, whiter at the tip. Female. — Similar to the male, but with the crown and nape yellow- ish olive. Immature. — Three very immature males from Ginting Bidei, shot in April and May, have the whole under surface brownish black, greyer on the throat and faintly washed with olive green on the belly and flanks ; upper surface olive green without the golden tinge of adult birds ; head greyish brown, the feathers broadly tipped with gf)lden olive, the occipital region more or less strongly washed with scarlet ; the rump in all three specimens flecked with scarlet. Specimens Examined. — Fifteen, Semangko Pass, 2,700-4,500 ft. (February) ; Tanjong Malim, 500 ft. (April) ; Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. (April and May) ; Telom, Perak- Pahang boundary, 3,800 ft. (November) . This Woodpecker appears to be not uncommon on the lower slopes of the Selangor and South Perak Main Tlange throughout almost its entire length, but seems hitherto to have escaped notice, which is 182 l»robably due to the I'iivt that it is exclusivoly euiitiiiod to dense bamboo juugle which is almost impenetrable and exceedingly un- pleasant to collect in, owing to the immense number of large ;iud venomous mosquitoes which frequent it. The only other place within Peninsidar limits, from which this species has been I'ecorded, is Kosscium near Tongkah, so that the pi'eseut localities ai'e an extension in range southwards of over 500 miles. 71. PYRRUOPJCLS POIiPIIlROMKLAls'-THK MAL.VV BAY WOODl'ECKKU. Lepocestes porphyromelas (Boie) : Haryitt, Cat., p. 382 ; (Thorpe (2), p. 443 ; Shorpe "(3), p. 279 ; Grant (2), p. 40. Has a veiy wide range in altitude from the swamp jimgle near the coast almost to the tops of the highest peaks of the main range, but nowhere very common. In habits it is similar to its congener, keeping <.)n ur near the gi'ouud. Found in every locality visited on the main range. 7j. PYRUIIOPICUS PIRRIIOTIS-'IHE RED-EARED J}AY WOODPECKER. Lepocestes pyrrhotis (Hodgs.) ; Haryitt, Cat., p. 380 ; Sharpe (3) p. 27i>. In the Malay Peninsula, this species, so far as is at present known, is ctmfiued to the moimtains of the main range above 4,000 ft. from Tehnu in Batang Padang on the north to GTunong Mengkuang Lebali to the south. The Selaugor Museum possesses specimens from th'::' latter locality and from the hills above the Semangko Pass, where the bird was not uncommon, being found in fairly dense undergrowth, usually on fallen timber. 7(J. .VIGLyPTJ'JS TLKKI-1HE BLFF-XECKED JJAKRKJJ WOODPECKER. Miglyptes tukki (Less.) ; Haryitt, Cat., p. 388 ; Sharpe (3), p. 279 ; Butler, p. 24; Hartert, p. 547. Very a)mmou up to 3,000 ft., but not higher. 77. MWLyPTES GRAMMITIIORAX THE FILVOU.S RUMPEU JJAUKED WOODPECKER. Miglyptes grainmithorax (Malh.) j Haryitt, Cat., p. 385; Sharpc (2), p. 443 : Butler, p. 23 ; Hartert, p. 547. Occurring with the preceding and about equally common. 78. MICROPTERSCS BRAClIYURVS-i\iE .M.VL.VV RUFOUS WOODPECKER. Microptemus brachyurus (Vieill.J ; Haryitt, Cat., p. 396 ; hiharye (3;, p. 279 : Bonhote, p. 72 ; HarteH, p. 547 ; Grard (1), p. 99 ; id. (2), p. 41. Usually found near cultivation or in secondary jungle, feeding on ants or tree termites, and rarely in high forest. A pair from the Se- mangko Pass differ in no way from lowland birds. 18:3 70. riTRYSOPITLECOrA MALACCEXSE-TtlT. BANDED RED WOODPECKER. Chrysophlegma malaecense (Lath.) ; Hargitt, Cat., p. 122 ; Shar2)e (2), p. 442 ; Bonhote, p. 71 ; Grant (1), p. 100 ; 1,7. (2), p. 41. Chrysoplilegma luiuiatus malaccensis, Harterf, p. 546. Specimens are in the Selaugor Museum from Telom, Perak-Pahang boundary, 4,000 ft. ; Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. ; and Gunoug Angsi, Negri Sembilan, 2,600 ft. They appear indistinguishable from others obtained iu the low country at heights not exceeding 500 ft. 80. CHRYSOPHLEGMA HrJITT-nVMWS GOLDEN-NAPED WOODPECKER. Chrysophlegma humii, Harg., Cat., p. 126; Bvtler,]}. 23; Hartert, p. 546 ;' Grant \l), p. 100 ; id. (2). p. 41. Another low country and submontane form reaching 8,000 ft. on the main range at the Semangko Pass, above which it is replaced by C. wrayi. Found on Gunoug Tahan at 3,000 ft. by myself and at 4,000 ft. by Waterstradt in the same locality, where, however, C. irroyi does not occur. 81. CHRYSOPHLEGMA lVRAYI-WY(.\\')i fiOLDEX XAPED WOODPECKER. Chrysophlegma wrayi, Sharpe ; Hargitt, Cat., p. 130, pi. ii. : Sharfe (3), p. 279 ; Bonhote, p. 71 ; Grant (1), p. 100. This fine species of Woodpecker is confined to the movmtains of the Peninsula and does not occur below 3,000 ft. It is not found on the isolated range of Gunong Tahan, nor does it occur at Ginting Bidei, Gunong Ulu Kali, being the most southerly "recorded locality. Wherever met with it is a common species frequenting good-sized jungle trees in pairs. It is very restless, and at the least alarm takes to flight, emitting a harsh scream or yell similar to that of the English Green Woodpecker (Gecinus viridis). A female by dissection in the Selangor Museum (189/08), shot on the Semangko Pass on 25th February, 1908, is assimiing the plumage of the male, having the l>asal portions of the feathers of the chocf>late malar stripe lemon-yellow. 82. CHRYSOCOLAPTES YALIDUS-THE ORAXGE BACKED WOODPECKER. Chrysocolaptes validus (Temm.); Hargitt, Cat., p. 458: Bonhote, p. 72 ; 'Grant (1), p. 99 ; id. (2), p. 99. Eare on the mountains. S3. HEMICERCUS SORDIBUS-TRE GREY AND BITF WOODPECKER. Hemicercus sordidus (Eyton) ; Hargitt, Cat., p. 482 : Hartert, p. 547 ; Gi-ant (1), p. 98. An immature male obtained at Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft., in October, 1907, appears to represent the maximum elevation at which the species occurs in the Peninsula. It is fairly common in the low country, especially iu bamboo jungle. 184 8J. lUCl'MyVS JXyOMTXATl'/^-THM SPEOKLF-l) riOrLET, Picumiius inuomhiatiis (Burton) : Hargitt, Cat., ]). 550; Sharpe (2), p. 443. Vivia iuuomiuata (Burtou) ; Butler, p. 24. Three specimeus obtaiued at a height of 4,500 ft. ou the hills above the Semaugko Pass are the ouly ones obtained in the Malay Peninsula, with the exception of the two recorded by Sharpe and Butler from the Larut Hills. At elevations of from 3,000-5,000 ft. the species is probably not very uncommon, but, owing to the fact that it frequents the tops of high trees, is very difficult either to see or obtain. 8.5. SASIA ABXOHMIS ErERETTI-TRE MALAYAN RUFOUS PICULET. Sasia everetti. Hargitt, t.c, p. 559, pt. xv. ; Hartert, p. 547.* Sasia abnormis (Temm.) ; Sliarpe (3), p. 279. A submontane bird, widely but sparingly distributed throughout the Peninsula up to about 3,000 ft. Found among low trees and brushwood frequently, perching transversely on the boughs, not longi- tudinally like other Woodpeckers. I have followed Hartert in adopting the name of the Bornean form for the species, which differs from the continental race in having a somewhat larger and more robust bill. An immature female from the low country near Tanjoug Malim, obtained in April, 1908, precisely }-esembles the figure of the type, an unsexed specimen from Lumbidan, Borneo, obtained by Sir Hugh Low. EUEYL^MID^. 8(5. CALl'PTO.VEXA VIRIDIS-THE f^REEX GAPER. Calyptomena viridis (Raffles) ; Sclat., Cat. Birds Brit. Mns., xiv., p. 456 (1888) ; Hartert, p. 548. Gintinp Bidei, 2,300 ft. IVFay, 1908. Common everywhere in tlie low country, especially in old secondary jungle. It does not appear to range far into the mountains, and the a1)ove elevation seems to be the greatest definitely recorded, thougli Waterstradt's birds from Gunong Tahan (Hartert, he. cit. } are labelled 2,000-5.000 ft. H7. PSAIilSOMVS UALIIOUSLE-THK LONG-TAILED EROADHILI,. Psarisomus dalhousise (Jameson) ; Sclater, Cat., p. 458 (1888) ; Butler, p. 23 : Grant (2), p. 38. Common on the Semangko Pass at about 3,000 ft., though on Txunong Tahan it was met with as low as 500 ft. The only other recorded localities in the Peninsula aro the Larut Hills, 3,500 ft., and Telom, South Perak, 3,500 ft. * Water.'^ti-afU is stated to have obtained the sperios on Gimonj^ Talian at from ."j.OOO- 7,000 ft., bat I think that .some mistake ha.s probably taken place in the labell- ing. It was probably secured much lower down the range. 1 85 SS. SERTLOPIff'S nOTirsClffLD f-ROTllSCmLWH HROABBILL. Seriloplius rothsdiildi, ILnierf and Butler, Bnll. B.O.C., vii., No. liv., p. 50 (1898) ; id., Nov. Zool, v., p. 508; Butler, p. 22; liohrnson, antea, p. 77, No. 331. Male. — Forehead and anterior part of the crown liluish grey, darkening to dull brownish grey on the occiput and mantle ; back, rump and upper tail coverts chestnut, duller on the back ; starting from in front of the eye and reaching as far as the hind neck a glossy black superciliary streak, broadening posteriorly, the feathers somewhat elongate ; loral region dark grey ; ear coverts grey with a tinge of brown ; a white ring round the eye ; under surface silvery grey, bluish on the breast and white on the centre of the abdomen and under tail coverts ; tibial feathers glossy black ; tail feathers black, all but the two centre pairs broadly tipped with white and with a narrow edging of white, extending some distance up the outer webs ; primaries glossy l)lack, the innermost narrowly tipped with chestnut on their inner webs with a speculum of greyish blue on the outer webs, and another white one on the inner webs, extending just beyond the shafts ; the primaries, secondaries and tertiaries broadly tipped with white which extends some distance up the shafts, the white tips succeeded by an ill-defined band of greyish blue ; remaining primaries, with the terminal portion of the shaft, white and very narrowly tipped with blue ; secondaries similar to the inner primaries, but a much broader band of chestnut on the inner web : tertials chestnut, blackish basally ; wing coverts glossy black, the lesser ones along the angle of the wing dark l)luish grey ; under wing covei'ts black ; axillaries white. " Iris greenish lirowu, mottled with golden specks ; eyelid and base of mandible for about ^ in. liright gamboge yellow ; bill pale bluish white, tip and lateral edges whitish ; feet pale greenish chrome; claws milky blue." — (A. L. Butler). Total length, 62 in. (158 mm.) ; wing, 3.5 in. (89 mm.) ; tail, 2.0 in. (65 mm.) ; tarsi, .75 in. (19 mm.) ; bill culmen, .62 in. (16 mm.) ; bill gape, .93 in. (24 mm.). Female. — Similar to the male, but with a gorget, interrupted mesi- ally, on the lower neck, formed by glistening white tips to the feathers. Immature Male (half grown). — Almost identical with the adult male, but with the occi])ut browner and the chestnut on the tei-tials less developed; legs in dried skin pale yellowish, not dark greenish. One of the most noticeable features in birds of this genus is the curious form of the outer primaries, which are abruptly truncated at the tip with the shaft extended for about 4 in., forming a sharp point. Specimens Examined. — Five, Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,300 ft. (May and November), from bamboo jungle. Until these specimens were obtained in November, 1907, this very beautiful species was known only from the three original specimens obtained by Mr. Butler on the Larut Hills between 2,500 and 3,500 ft. 180 in Febniarv and Mardi, 1898. That it has not been obtained moiv frequently is probably due to the fact that it is largely confined to bamboo jungle, which, as mentioned previously, is difficult and unpleasant to collect in. 8!i. EUnVL.EJrUS JArANICUS-HOR&FAnELBS. BROADBILL. Eurylaemus javanicus(Horsf.); Sclater, Cat., ]^. 4:63 ; Hartert,^. 548. Bukit Kutu, Ulu Solangor, 3,000 ft. August, 1902. Usually found on the foot hills, and. not extending to greater eleva- tion than the above. !tO. COIiVDOX Sl'.VATliAXUS-TUK DUSKY BROADBILL. Corydon sumatranus (Eaffles) ; Sclater, Cat., p. 406 ; Sharpe (3), p. 278 ; Hartert, p. 548 ; Grant (2), p. 39. Bukit Kutu and Semangko Pass, 2,700-3,500 ft. Not found higher than the above limit, and much commoner on the lower hills, 500-1,000 ft. HIRUNDINIDiE. 01. lIIRrxnO CfUTTlRALlS~THK EASTERN SWALLOAV. Hinuido gutturalis, Scop. ; Sharpe, Cat. BirclsBrit. Mus., x., p. 134 0885) ; Sharpe (2), p. 442 ; Bnfler, p. 20. Fairly common everywhere to considerable altitudes, especially in the winter months when young birds are in the great majority. MUSCICAPID^. '.*2. lIKMjriTELIDOy Fi-LTOTXnflA-'VYiV. SOOTY FLYCATCHER. Hemichelidon silierica (Um.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds^ Brif. Mva., iv., p. 120 (pt.) (1879) ; Butler, p. 18. The Sooty Flycatcher occurs in migration in the mountains of the Peninsula on migration, but is not abtuidant, and does not remain long. Specimens are in the Selangor Museum from Semangko Pass, 3,000 ft. (January) : Bukit Kutu, 3.000 ft. (December) : TanjongMalim, 1,300 ft. (April).' ti.1. jrr.MrCHELIlJOX FERJirai.yEA-THK FERRUGIXOrS FLYCATCHER. Hemichelidon ferrnginea, Hodgs. ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 132; Butler, p. 18 ; Hartert. p. 548 ; Grant (1). p. 95. A migratory species like the preceding, l>ut much commoner and apparently making a longer stay if not actually resident. The Selangor Museum possesses specimens from most localities visited on the main range, dated from Octoljer to March, and Waterstradt collected it at from 2,000-5,000 ft. on Gunong Tahan, where 1 did not myself meet with it in July. It has not yet l)een met with in the lowlands of the Peninsula itself, Ijut I secured one specimen on the Aroa Islands — a small group of low islands in the Straits of Malacca, about 25 mile.s oft" the Sumatran Coast — in Novemljer. 187 94, ALSEOXAX LATriiOSTliTS-THV. BROWN FLYCATCHER. Alseonax latirostris (Raffles) : Hhqrpi', Cat., p. 127; BuHer, p. 19; Grant (1), p. 94. A wiuter visitor to the Peninsula. Specimens in the Selangor Museum are dated from November to February. !»5. CYOIiXIS COXCRETA-THV, WHITE-TAILED BLUE FLYCATCHER, Pachvcephala cyanea (Hume) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii., p. 224 (1883). Niltava leiicoprocta (Tweedd.) ; Sharpe (3), p. 272. Cyornis concretus (Midi.) ; Hartert, p. 549 ; Grant (2), p. 37. Another characteristic bird of the mo\intaiu bamboo jungle. I have before me seven skins from Ginting Bidei, collected in November and Ma}^ and a single male from the Semaugko Pass, shot in April. Evidently a rare and local species, as besides these specimens only three others on record from the Malay Peninsula. I regard the occurrence of the species at as low an elevation as 500-1,000 ft. on Gunong Tahan (Grant, Joe. cit.) as purely accidental. KiJ, CrOliXIS JIAL A yi:XSLS— THE 3IALAY HLIK AND CHESTXl'T FLYCATCHER. Cyornis malayensis, antea, p. 163. S ? . Tcloin, Perak-Pahan^ boundary, :'.,.500 ft. November, 190S, Will probably be found along the whole length of the main range above 3,000 ft. it?. ClORXIf! rXICOLOR /XFUSCATA-THK PALE BLUE FLYCATCHER, Siphia iinicolor iufuscata (Blyth) ; Hartert, p. 215. Siphia uuicolor, SJiarj^e, Cat., p. 446. Four specimens before me ( (^ ? , Ginting Bidei, October and May ; (^ , Bukit Arang, Selangor, 500 ft. ; ? , Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft., June) agree with Dr. Hartert's remarks on the subject, in that the males are of small size (wing, 76-87 mm.) and very brightly colovired. 98, CYOItXIS TICKELLI.E-TICKELV^ BLUE FLYCATCHER. Siphia tickellise (Blyth) ; Shmye, Cat., p. 447. Cyornis tickelliae, Butler, p. 18. Fairly abundant at the Semangko Pass in February and at Ginting Bidei in May. From the latter locality young birds in mottled plum- age were obtained, so that the breeding season is probably in April. 99. XITIDULA HODGSOXI-THE PIG5IY BLUE FLYCATCHER. Tarsiger hodgsoni (Moore) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 258. Nitidula hodgsoni, Butler, p. 18. Two males shot on the hills above the Semangko Pass in February, 1908, and Butler's specimen from 4,500 ft. on the Larut Hills are the only records for the Malav Peninsula. 188 VM\ JXTfflPl^s .V.//-.1)M.V.(-THK MALAY AVniTi; fJORf^ETKO I'LYCATCIIKR, Digeuea nialayaiia, Sharpe (3), p. 247 ; Butler, p. 18 ; Grant (2), p. 37.' Authipes inalayaua, Sharpe (3), pp. 247, 272, Distribution iu the Peninsula as Muscicayiila westermanni. Com- mon above 4,000 ft. iu low scrub. 101. XILTArA GRAXDIS BECIPTEXS-'TH'E MALAYAN NILTAYA. Niltava graudis. Hodgs. ; Sharpe (1), p. 351 ; id. (2), p. 436; id. (3), p. 272 ; Hartert and Butler, p. 507 ; Bntler, p. 19. Niltava decipiens. Salvad., Ann. Mv./Gi7^.AY/-M0DIGLIANI'S FLYCATCHER. Gerygone modiglianii, Salvad., Ann. Mv^. Civ. Qev. (2), xii., p. 71 (1891); Harterf, IK 552 Gerygone pect oralis, Davison, lhi.ecies and the closely allied Ahrornis superciliaris from Tenasserim lies in the greyish black, not brown lores, and in the greater extent of the grey crown. The specimen of A. super ciliaris in the British Museum referred to by Gates (Faun. Brit. Ind. Bii'ds, i., p. 430) requires re-examination. If the identification is correct, there is probably some mistake in locality as it is in the highest degree unlikely that any bird of the genus occurs in the island. iiy. STOPAROLA thala,ssixoibi:,s-thy: :malayax verditer FLA'CATCHER. Stoparola thalassinoides (Cab.J ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 439; id. (3j, p. 271 : Hartert, p. 553. 1 c? ■ Semaugko Pass. February, 1908. Apparently somewhat rare and local in the Malay Peumsula. The only other specimens in the Selangor Museum are : one shot by Mr. A. L. Butler at Kuala Lumpur in March, 1900, and one from Telom, November, 1908. CAMPOPHAGIDiE. |-.'i>. AllTAMlUKS LAlU"J'K.\.sr.S THE M. .ETUORUl'NCHUS LAFRESXAI'EI-THK GREAT lORA. Jilthorhyuchus lafresnayei (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi., p. 14 (1881; ; Grant (1), p. 88. Bukit Kutu, S.iJUO it., and Ginthig Bidei, 2,-300 ft. Not very rare in certain localities, but seldom procured, as it keeps to the tops of fairly high trees. There is a series of six specimens in the Selangor Museum, including lowland localities close to Kuala Lumpur. 1 i);J 121;. CllLOROl'.'SlS JI.HiDWIlKII-'VnV) OKANGK-BELLlt;]) GREEN HULBUL. Cliloropsis liardwiekii, Jard. aud Selb^^ ; Sharjje, Cat., p. 18 ; 6rVa«f (1), p. 89. iScinaii.iiko Pah;s, (liiiKni^' L'lii Kali antl tiiiuouL;' Meiii^kiuiiig Lcbali. Fairly abuudaut in the above localities, usually not below 4,000 ft. In Perak it occurs on the Larut Hills and in the Batany Padans^- Highlands at similar elevations. It has not yet been collected on Grunong Tahan, but doubtless occurs there. IJ7. CIILOROPmS ZOSTEROPS-mV. MALACHITE-SHOULDERED, GREEN BULBUL. Cliloropsis zosterops, Vig. ; Sharpe, Cat., \). 24; Grant (2), p. 33. Chloropsis viridis viriditectus, Hartert, Nuv. ZooL, ix., pp. 212, 557 (1902). Mr. BiitJer collected a pair on Bukit Kutu, 3,000 ft., in November, 1898, but it has not since been met with on the mountains in Perak and Selaugor. It occurs up to 3,300 ft. on Gunong Tahan. 128. CHLOROPSIS ICTHROCEPirALA THK YELLOW-HEADED GREEN BULBIL. Chlcu'opsis icterocephala (Less.) ; 8kai'i>e, Cat., p. 30 ; Butler, p. 14; Hartert, p. 557. Seniaiigko Puss ami Giiiting Bidei. Not reaching more than 3,000 ft. The cunimonest species of the Genus in the Malay Peninsula. I2y. CHLOROPSIS CrAyOPOGOX—T)l¥. BLUE-W^HLSKEREl^ GREEN BULBUL. Chloropsis cyauopogon (Temm.) ; Shar^jc, Cat., p. 32 ; Hartert, p. 557. Gintiug Bidei, 2,.30U ft. May, 190S. • The range of this species is similar to C. icterocephala, but it is decidedly scarcer. 130, IRENA C'F.i.V^.l -THE MALAYAN FAIRY BLUE BIRD. Irena cyanea, Begbie ; Sharpc, Cat., p. 179 ; Butler, p. 14; Hartert, p. 557; Grant (1), p. 88 ; id. (2), p. 33. Very common at low elevations, becoming scarcer on the hills aud disappearing at 3,000 ft. i;31. IIEMIXL'S CiyEREUS-THE ASHY BULBUL. Hemixus cinereus (Blyth) ; Sharpe, Gat., p. 52 ; Bonhote, p. 61 ; Hartert, p. 557; Grant (1), p. 88; id. (2), p. 32. Common on almost every mountain visited in the Malay Peninsula from Bukit Besar (2,500 ft.) near Patani in the north to Mount Ophir iu the south. 1U4. The types of the species and of lole terneolor, Hume, fouuded on Avoru specimeus are stated to have come from uear Malacca, hut are probably from the slopes of the Mount Ophir. The species is, however, said to occur near sea level in Johore. Its superior limit is about 4,200 ft. l.-JJ. JIEMIM (:.■!> MALACCEXSTS-'UHK .STREAKED BULBUL, Hemixus malaccensis (Blyth) ; Sharjje, Cat., p. 52 ; Ilartert, p. 559 ; Grant (1), p. 88 ; id. (2), p. 33. Ginting Biclei, 2,300 ft. October. Decidedly rare north of Malacca on the W. Coast, the above speci- men being the only one I have seen from Selangor. Common on Gunong Tahau. 13.1. 10L£ OjL/f'.lt'i\l-THE OLIVE BULBUL. lole olivacea, Blyth ; Shaqje, Cat., p. 55 ; Butler, p. 15 ; Hurtert, p. 558 ; Grant (1), p. 87. Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. May, 1908. Not found on the mountain beyond 2,500 ft., l)ut fairly numerous in thick jungle on the foot hills. The specimens before me (seven in uuml^er) are very typical and show no approach to lole virescens, which has been recorded from Tonka in the north of the Peninsula. lU. lOLE PERACEySIS-inV. MOUNTAIN JSTREAKED BULBUL. lole tickelli peracensis, Hartert and Butler, Nov. Zool., v., p. 50G (1898j ; Butler, p. 15; Hartert, p. 558. lole peracensis, Grant (\), p. 87 ; id. (2), p. 32. lole tickelli, Sluuye (2), p. 4:'67 ; Bonhote, p. 61. Verv common on most mountains above 2,500 ft. Does not occur south of Selangor. i:«, mCROI'lS SIELAXOLEUCUS-THV. BLACK AND WHUIE liULBUL. IMicrotarsus melanoleucus (Eytou) ; Sharjje, Cat., p. 69 ; Grant (2), p. 32. A single specimen was collected on Bukit Kutu by Butler in November. 1898. It has been met with on Guuong Tahan as high as 6,000 ft., and is common on the Selangor Coast throughout the year. 13«. CRIXIOKR TEPJIROGENiS -THE LOWLAND CRESTED BULBUL. Criuiger tephrogenys (Jard. and Selby.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 71, foot-note; Hartert, p. 558; Grunt (1), p. 86; id. (2), p. 31. Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. May, 1908. Common from the sea coast to alx^ut 2,500 ft., above which its place is taken by C. ockraceus (Moore). 195 l:i7. VRIMGER OCIIRACISL'S—'rWi: ll'LAND (RKSTKl) lUl.Kl J,. Criuigor uehraceus, Moore ; in Horx/. and Moore, Cat. B. Mus., E. I. Co., i., p. 252 ; Harterf, p. 559 ; Grant (2), p. 35. Criniger giitturalis, Shar^e, Cat., p. 80 ; Butler, p. 24. Criuiger sordiclus, Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas., xxii., p. 320 (1900). Fairly common from 2,000-4,000 ft., replacing the lowland C. tephroyenys, but found at sea level on Pidau Laugkawi, north of Penang. i:58. CRIXWEE FL\SCJnr-VlViiLlV>< I51LI51I,. Criuiger tinsehii, Salvad. ; Sharjte, Cat., p. 84, pi. vi., tig. 1 ; Ilartert, p. 560. Normally a low country form. The Selangor Museum possesses specimens from the vicinity of Kuala Lumpur and from Tanjong Malini, Perak. Met with by Waterstradt on Grunong Tahan from 2,000-5,000 ft. 139. TEACIiyCOJlLS OCHROCEFHALIS-'YRV. YELLOW CKOWXED HI LBIL. Trachycomus ochrocephalus (Gm.) ; Hliar/je, Cat., p. 93; id. (3), p. 272. Though this biixl is exceedingly common on the banks of the big- rivers, it is never, so far as my experience goes, met with in deep jungle. There is, therefore, probably some mistake in the labelling of the specimen recorded by Sharpe as from the Bataug Padang mountains. 140. ALOPHOIXUS PIT.EOCEPIIALiS-TUK CRESTLESS M'HITE-THROATED UULBUL. Criniger phseocephalus (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 74. Alophoixus phseocephalus (Hartl.) ; Faun. Brit. Ind., i., j). 259 (1889) ; Hartert, p. 560. Ginfcmg Bidei, 2,300 ft. October, 1907. Somewhat local and not extending far up the hills. lil. TRICHOLESTES CRIXIGER-TUE HAIRY-BACKED BULBUL. Tricholestes criniger (Blyth) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 89 ; Butler, p. 14 ; Hartert, p. 560 ; Grant (I), p. 86 ; id. (2), p. 31. Biikit Kiitu and Giutiug Bidei. Common ; found as liigh as 3,000 ft. U2. rrCXOXOTiS i'/.VZ.l i,S0A*7-FlXLAYS0XS STRIPE TIITIOATED BULBrL, Pycnonotus finlaysoni, Strickl. ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 144 ; Butler, p. 15; Bonhote, p. 62; Hartert, p. 560; Grant (1), p. 85. One specimen from Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft., another from Tanjong Malim at the foot of the main range, and a third from Kuala Lumpur are the only records of this species from the State of Selangor. North of the latitude of Taiping it is very abundant, probably extending soincAvhat further to the south on the East Coast. It is stated to be common iu Malacca, \\ hence Hume's collector* obtained numerou;^ opecimeut,. Mar.,iSOJ. IDG 143. PlXyOXOTUS SIMPLEX— ^lOORli'H OLIVE 151LBUL. Pvcuouotus simplex (Less.) ; Shui-pe, Cat., p. 153, pi. ix., Butler, p. 15 : Bonhot'!. p. &2 : Hartert, p. 560; (h-ant (1), p. 86 ; hJ. (2), p. 31. Ginting Bidii. May, 1908. Common everywhere iu secondary and old jungle up to 3,000 ft. Ul. OTOCOMPfi.i. FLA\nJL\TRIS-Ta¥. HLACK-CRESTEU YliLLOW BULBIL. Otooompsa flaviventris (Tick.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 161 ; Butler, p. 14. Sparsely distributed al)ove 2,000 ft. S})ecimeus are in the Selangor Museum from Bukit Kutu, Semaugko Pass and Grinting Bidei. Uo. RUBIOILA rj'.l.V/r^.V7'i?/,S-THE GREY-BELLIED BULBUL. Rubigula cyauiventris (Blyth) ; Hartert, p. 561 ; Grant (2), p. 31. Pycuouotus cyaniventris (Blyth) ; Butler, p. 15. Bukit Kutu, ^$,000 ft. August, 1902. Common iu the lowlands and up to 3,000 It. 140. RUBIGULA WEBBERI-TKV. SCALY-BREASTED BULBUL. Rubigula webberi (Hume) ; Sharpe. Cat., p. 171 ; Hartert, p. 561 ; Grant (2), p. 31. Bukit Kutu, 3,000 ft. August, 1902. The above specimen is the only one I have seen from the western Federated Malay States. TlMELIlDyE. 117. G^UIPSOIiUlMinS SATUItATIOR~rm: AVJHTE HEADED SHRIKE BABBLER. Gampsorhynchus saturatior, Shaiye, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 273 ; Butler, ],. U : Grant (]), p. 83. Semangko Pass, 2,400-3,000 fl. This species is only known from the type procured by Mr. Wray iu the Batang Padang highlands in South Perak, and the very numerous specimens obtained by Mr. Butler, myself and the collectors of the Selangor Musevuu at the Semangko Pass, where the bird is very common. It is generally seen iu early morning or evening high among the bamlxK)8, and is very active and restless in its habits. The zone it inhabits is very limited, and I have never seen it above 3,000 ft., nor much l>elow 2,4et€s macrocercus (Temm. ) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birch Brit. Mns., vii., ].. 338 (1883) ; Hartert, p. 561 ; Grant (2), p. 30. •Semaugko Pass and Giuting Bidci. A bird that seems to Ije very rarely met with, now that the days of the old Malacca plumage huuter^s are a thing of the past. I have 197 ucver seen the l)inl invself, but my Dvuk lumtei's tell me it runs about on the yround anion with above 3.000 ft. on the ground aniontr fallen timber like a Pitta. It ha« not been met ll-.i. TROLHALOPTEROy PEMMSULjE-nW. MALAY LAltilllNC THRl.SH. Trochalopteron peuinsulte, Shaq^e, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 43(5, pt. xxxvii. ; Hartcrt and Batler, p. 506; Butler, p. 11 j Bonhote, p. 63; Hartert, p. 562; Grant (2), p. 30. Common on all the peaks of the Peninsula Main Kauge, south to Gunoug Meiigkuang Lebah, and also on Gunong Tahan ; not so com- mon on the Larut Range from G. luas to the hills above Taipiug ; not as a rule found below 3,500 ft. A bird with a pleasant clear whistle usually met with in parties of four or five on low trees and l)ushes, sometimes nearly on the ground. Peculiar to the Peninsula. 1.50. PO.VATORHIKUS JBOKXEENSIS-CXBXm'fi SCIMITAR BAIJBLER. Pomatorhiuus borueensis (Cab.) ; Shatye, Cat., p. 411 ; Hartert, p. 561. (.lintiiig Bidei. Nuvcuibfr, 1907. Not rare on the lower hills of the southern portion of the Malay Peninsula up to about 2,500 ft. Waterstradt obtained it on Gunong Tahan at 4,000 ft. 151. POMATORlIiyUS WRAYI-WMW'^ SCIMITAR BABBLER. Pomatorhinus wrayi, Sharpe, F.Z.S., 1887, p. 437 ; Butler, p. 11 ; Grant (2), p. 30. Sijariugly distributed on mountains above 4,000 ft. as far south as Gunong Mengkuaug Lebah. 152. MELAyOCICULA LUGUBRIS-THE BLACK BABBLING THRUSH. Melauocichla lugubris (S. Miill.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 451 ; Grant (1), p. 84. Melauocichla peuiusularis, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 274. Hitherto only found on the mountains of the main range from Batang Padaug in South Perak to Gunong Mengkuang Lebah iu Selangor at altitudes of from 3,400-5,000 ft. Usually on low trees or among fallen timber near the ground in parties of from three to seven. lo-U. RHISOCICIILA JIITRATA-TRE CHESTNUT CAPPED BABBLING THRUSH. Rhiiiociehla mitrata (S. Milll.J ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 452 (1883) ; id, r.Z.S., 1886, p. 352; 1888, p. 274; Butler, p. 11; Bonhote, p. &6', Hartert, p. 562 ; Grant (1), p. 84 ; id. (2), p. 562. Common on nearly all the high mountain in Selangor above 3,000 ft., though apparently rare on Gunong Tahan, where I did not procure or see it, and where Waterstradt only got two specimens. 198 154. TURDIXUS AliJiOTTI-XBBOTTii BABBLER. Turaiuus abbotti (Blytli) ; Shar^>e, Cat., vii., p. 540 (1883) ; Graid (2), p. 29. Turdiuus abbotti olivaceum (Striekl.); Butler,^. 12; Hartert,^. 562. A single specimen fi'om Giutiug Bidei marks the upper range of this species. A very common bird in the low country, usually found in parties of three or four among low bushes in secondary jungle. It is at first sight easily confused with the succeeding species, which is found in company with it. Indeed until Mr. Boden Kloss pointed out the mistake, the whole of the series of both sj^ecies in the Selaugor Museum had been registered under the above name. On careful examination certain marked differences present them- selves Ity which the two species can be at once differentiated ; as the table of dimensions shows T. ahhotti is a larger bird than T. sepiarivs with noticeably longer tail and coarser bill, though the tarsus is slightly longer in the latter. The colour of the upper surface is richer and darker in T. sej)iaru(s, the head being slightly darker than the rest of the upper surface. In addition there is a distinct grey super- cilium, which is quite absent in T. ahhotti. In the latter, the feathers of the head, more noticeably of the mantle, have pale shaft stripes, which is not the case in T. sepiarivs. lo5. TURDIXUS SEPIARIUS-HORHVlELDfi BABBLER. Turdinus :sepiarius (Hoi'sf.) : Sliarpc, Cat., p. 544; id., P.Z.S., 1888, p. 275 ; Hartert, p. 563. Ginting Bidci. October and May. Also near Kuala Lumpur. Lucality. TABLE OF DIMENSIONS. TnrduniB ahhotti. 8e\'. Wiiifr. Tail. Culmcii. 72 ( o n t ') 53 19 57.5 19 56 mm. mm. mm Cheius, Selangur (8.6-'08) J ad. 71 55 19 (22.3-'08) J .. 74 6 - Kimla Lumpur TFebniary, r.»u7) .".. ci ,. Taujong Kaiai)'4, Selaugor Cua.st (]6-l-'U8^ ... J „ Chcras, Selaugor ( 14-o-'U8j J „ Ginting I'idei, Selaugor, 2,:}00ft. (\A\-y)7) ... o' .. Malacca (trade skiuj ... ... 70 Kuala Temlxiling, Pahang (Septcmljer, 1907) ... ? 72 76.5 54.7 20 58 53.5 53 5t 19.5 20.5 20 If*. 5 Hill from 'J'arsub. gape. mm. mm. 25 25 24.7 22 23.5 23 20.2 24.5 26 23 25 22.5 24 23 25 23 24 22.5 21.7 100 Tiirdinvn nejiia rlii.<. Mill Localitv. Sex. Winy:. 'i'iiil. Ciiliiioii. from ']"nrsns. Nr. Kuala Linnpur, Selan- mm. mm. mm. mm. iiini. >5 gor (8-7-'(>7) c? 67 44.5 18 21 2 (^ 68 48 17..") 20 26.5 (9-7-'07) ? 71 44 18 20 26.5 (7-7-'07) ? 69 41 (worn) 18 21 25 Ginting Bidei, Selaugor, 2,300 ft. (26-10-'07) J 71.5 48 18.5 20 26 (31-10-'07) S 71.5 49 18.5 21 27 (9.5-*08) c? 68 49 17.5 21 25.5 1511. ITKUIXLS .lIACROnACTyLUS-iiTRlCKL\yhii BABBLER. Turdinus macrodactylus (Strickl.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 548 (1883). North of the latitude of Malacca, this species does uot appear to l)e a very common bird, aud the Selangor Museum possesses but few recent specimens, three from Grinting Bidei, and another from the Batu Caves near Kuala Lumpur. 157. TURDINUS LORIC.lTUS—M't\A,V.R'^ B.VBRLKR. Myiothera loricata, MiilL, Tijdschr. Nat. Gesck. Anisterd., 1835, p. 348. Turdinus marmoratus, Wardl.-Bams., P.Z.8., 1880, p. 15. Turdinus loricatus, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vii., p. 550 (1883); Rohimon, Jrmrn. Fed. Mai. States Mus., iii., p. 79 ; No. 446 (1907). Adult Female. — General colour above rufous brown, the feathers, except those of the rump, obscurely edged with black, less markedly so on the head and lores ; throat white, the feathers narrowly tipped with black, the black tips much broader on the malar region ; ear coverts and a large patch on each side of the neck bright russet chestnut ; breast and centre of the abdomen greyish black, each feather broadly and irregularly barred and tipped with white ; flanks, thighs and under tail coverts russet l>rown, the latter faintly tipped with whitisli buff ; primaries dull brown, more rufous on the outer webs ; tail rufous brown; under wing coverts Jirown with paler margins : iris chestnut ; l>ill and tarsi black. Total length, 8.4 in.: wing, 3.9 in.; tail, 3.2 in.; culmen, .85 in.; tarsus, 1.4 in. Immature Female. — Similar to the adult, but with the feathers of the head, hind neck and mantle with rufous shaft stripes, broadening towards the tips of the feathers. Specimens Examined. — One adult female from Ginting Bidei, Selangor Main Range, 2,300 ft., dated 3rd November, 1907, and two adult females and an immature female from the Semangko Pass, Selangor, 28th February, 1908. 200 Like Geciniilnn riridts this Timeliiul is an inhaliitant of thick l»am- Ih.x> juugle aud has escaped notice hitherto for similar reasons. It is strictly a ground l»ird with verv limited powers of flight, l)ut displays great agilitv in running along the fallen bamboos and rubl)ish, amongst which it lives. I have never shot the species myself, all those obtained having been secni-ed by a r>yak collector, and have only once canght a glimpse of it. Careful comparison with Dr. Sharpe's description (loe. cit.) reveals no tangible difference between the Malayan and Sumatran form, from the mountains of which island alone the species has hitherto been recorded. 1,jS. BniWOCATAPIirS XIGIiTCAPTTATUS—TUE BLACK-CAPPED BABBLER, Dr^nnocataphus nigricapitatus (Eyton) ; Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888. p. 276*; Grant (2), p. 29. Giiiting Bidei, 2,.30O fr.. and numerous other places in the Selangor lowlands. 159. BJlYMOCATAPHrS TICKELLI—TICKELUii BABBLER. Drymocataphus tickelli (Blyth) ; Shaiye, Cat., p. 557 (1883). This bird is common at the Semangko Pass between 2,200 and 3,000 ft., and at Ginting Bidei at similar elevations, and a single specimen was also obtained by Mr. Butler on Bukit Kutu, 3,000 ft. It is also abundant in the Bataug Padang highlands. It is only found in dense jungle and is very shy, which, perhaps, accounts for the fact that it has not hitherto been recorded from the Malay Peninsula. IM. fiETAliTA rrXEPEA-rUE SMALLER RED-HEADED TREK BABBLER. Malacoptemm cinerum (Eyton) ; Sharpe, Cat., vii.,p. 565; Hartert, p. 5<34; Grant (1), p. 83. Attaining its maximnm elevation at about 2,500 ft. Three speci- mens were collected at Ginting Bidei in May, 1908. ICl. SETARIA MAGXIROSTlilS-TnE BROWX-HEADED TREE BABBLRR. Tiirdinus magnirostris (Moore) ; Sharpie, Cat., p. 547 : Rohinson, Jovrn. Fed. Mai. States Mvs., ii., p. 79 (1907). Malacoptemm magnirostre, Hartert , p. 5f»3 : Grant (1 ), p. 83 ; id. (2), p. 29. Gintiiij? Bidoi, 2,300 ft. May, lOOM. Range as in the preceding species. Ifi2. AMROPSIS MALACCEXSIS-TUr. MALAY WREX BABBLER. Anuropsis malaccensis (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 588: Grant (2), p. 29. Very common from the sea coast to al)0ut 2,500 ft., above which level it is not met with, its place being apparently taken by Corytho- cichhi leucostida. 201 Ica. TVItDIXlLrf} f.'ff.l.V7'/-GRANTS' WREN BABBLKR. Turdinuliis grauti. Bichnond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mks., xxii., p. 320 (1900). Turdiunlns exsul, Grant, Ift?..nW0.\V-DAVIS()XS H.VRRI.KR. Staebyris ni-rriceps, SItarpe (uec- Hochjs.), P.Z.S.. 1887, p. 440. StcU'byris davisoui, Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C., i., p. vii. (1892) ; Butler, p. 12; Harfert, Nov. Zoo?., i., p. 471 (1894); id., op. cit., ix., p. 566 (1902); Grant (1), p. 82; Grant (2), p. 28. Fairly commou at iutermediate olevatious, southward from Central Perak to Soutliern Johore, the Rhio Archipelat^o and the Natmias. 1«9. STACayiiLf POLIOGASTER-HVSW.'S BABBLER. Stachvris poUogaster, Hume; Sharpe, Cat., p. 539. < temininrlxi from. the islands of Lansfkawi and Torntan, north of Penanff. 204 17S. 3frropiioyEvs nonrNsoxi the movxtain avristlix*; thrush . Myioplionous robiusoai, Grant, Jourti. Fed. Mai. States Mas., i., p. 104 (1905). By no means uncommon on the high mountains of Selangor above 3,500" ft. Spocimeus are in the Selangor Museum from Gunong Meugkuang Lebah, Guuong Ulu Kali and the mountains above the Semangko Pass. 170. JiliACHYPTERYX n7f.ir/-WRAYS SHORT WING. Brachypten-x nipalensis, Sharpe, P.Z.S.. 1888, p. 273; Butler, p. 13. Brachyj>teryx wrayi, Grant, Bull. B.O.C., xix., No. oxxvii., p. 10 (1906) : id., Jonrn. Fed. Mai. States Mm., iii., p. 26 (1908). Gxinong ^Icngknang Lebali and Semangko Pass. Four specimens from the above localities agree well with the type description, with a skin from Gunong Tahan, and with three males from the vicinity of the type locality. 180. aiBIA SIMTLLIMA-TV.Y, MALAYAN SIBIA. Sibia simiUima (Salvad.) ; Slwrpc (1), p. 352 ; id. (3), p. 274; Butler, p. 13; Bonhote, p. 63 ; Grant (1), p. 8 ; Id. (2), p. 26. Sibia picaoides simiUima, Hortert, p. 567. JNIet vritli in flocks of six or seven, and very noisy. Exceedingly common on the Larut Hills and the Peninsular main range, south to Southern Selangor, but not found below 3,000 ft. 181. SIVA 3r ALA VAX A— THE MALAYAN CHESTNUT TAILED SIVA. Siva castaneicauda. Sliorpe (noc Hume), P.Z.S., 1888. p. 275 ; Bonhote, p. 64. Siva malayana. Grant (2), p. 25. Siva strignla malayana, Hartert, p. 567. Kather rare in Selangor, Avhence the Selangor Museum possesses only two specimens from Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Gunong Ulu Kali, dated February and March. Both are in unworn plumage and differ from the large series of Tahan specimens, which are very faded and abraded in having the under surface below the throat and the under tail coverts bright orange yellow clouded with olive on the Ijreast and flanks ; the head is rich golden olive, deepening to dark orange on the forehead, and clearly defined from the l»ack, which is greyish, stnmgly washed with yellowish olive, not almost pure, pure grey as in the Tahan ])irds. The differences are most striking, but are almost certainly due to the age of the feathers only. 182. sii'A sonniinoii'nw: Malayan dt'll siva. Siva sordidior. Sharpe, P.Z.S . 1888, p. 276 : Bnfler. ]>. 13 : Grant (\), p. 80. Generally distriljuted over the high mountains of Selangor and Perak above 4,000 ft., but nowhere verj- commijn. 2(>o 18:{. HERPOliXIS ZAXTIIOLELCA~TUV. WHITK BKLLIKI) HKRPORXIS. Herporuis zantholeuca, Hoclgs. ; Sharpe (3), p. 275 ; Butler, p. 13 ; Harfert p. 568; Grant (1), p. 80; id. (2), p. 25. A submoutauc bird, eoniinouest at about 1,500 ft., but fouud as high as 3,300 ft. 184. CUTIA CERVIXICRISSA-'niE MALAYAN CUTIA. Cutia cervinicrissa, Shar2)e, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 276; Grant (1), p. 80. Fouud on the mountains of the main range from Batang Padaug, in South Perak. to Grunong Mengkuang Lel>ah. in Selangor, above 4,000 ft. The eight specimens now in the Selangor Museum and many other duplicates which have passed through my hands all bear out the diagnosis of the species in haviug the abdomen and lower tail covei'ts i-ufous tawny, not wdiite as in C. nijialensin. 185. PTERYTHIUS ^RALATUS-'ilQKElAJii SHRIKE TIT, Pterythius seralatus (Tick.) ; Sharpe (2), p. 440; id. (3), p. 276; Battler, p. 14; Botihote, p. 64; Hartert, p. 576; Grant (2), p. 22. Distributed above about 3,.500 ft. 186. PTERYTHIUS TAHANHNSIS-THIE TAHAN SHRIKE TIT. Pterythius tahanensis, Hartert, p. 576; Grant (2), p. 22. Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Semangko Pass, Selangor. Rare in Selangor and only found well above 4,000 ft. 187. MESIA ARGEXTAURIS-THE SILVER-EARED :MESIA. Mesia argentauris (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe (1), p. 352; id. (3), p. 276; Butler, p. 14; Hartert, p. 568; Grant (1), p. 80; id. (2), p. 25. Common at high elevations throughout the moimtains of the Peninsula to the south of Selansror. *n^ TROGLODYTID^. 183. PXOEPYGA LEPIDA-THE HILL WREX. Pnoepvga lepida. Salvad., Ann. Mns. Civ. Gen., xix.. p. 227 ; Grant (2), p. 24! Pnoepyga pusilla, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 273. ^ ad., $ inim. Hills above Semangko Pass, -1,000 ft. Febiiiary, 1908, Decidedly rare and only found amongst the very thickest scrub, whence it is very difficult to obtain specimens. The immature bird is dull blackish brown, beneath the feathers with blackish edges, the throat feathers paler, also edged with black. 20() TROGOLYTID.T-]. 1S1>. (lEOCICIIL.i IXTERPJiKS -TVAIMIKCKS (;R()rXlJ THRUSH, Greocichla iutei-pres (Temiii.) ; Seehohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v., p. 1<)7 (1881) : Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxii., p. 319 (1899). Known at present from the mountains of Trana;, Northern Malay Peninsula, and Kenibau (FTuiiie. S. F., viii., ]i. 39) in Negri Senil)ilan. V.m. GEOCirilLA ISyOTATA-TlW. ilALAV (iRKY AND ORAXfJE OROrXD THRISH. G-eocichla iunotata (Blyth) ; Seehohm, Cat., p. 176; Bntler, p. 20.* It is exceedingly curious fact that no recent collector has been able to obtain any of the Malay Geocichla. I am not aware of any speci- mens having been obtained in the last twenty years, nor are there any in any of the local Museum. Possibly they are confined to the north of the Peninsula. Butler's specimen noted above was only seen. 101. CICHLOSELYS SriiFRICUS-THE SIBERIAN GROUND THRUSH, Geocichla siberica (Pall.) ; Seehohm, Cat., p. 180 (1879). Geocichla davisoni, Hume; Grant (1), p. 78. Common on the higher Selangor mountains in winter. I have had through my hands over twenty specimens of this Ground Thrush, of which thirteen are now before me, and I do not believe that it is possible to distinguish two races, G. davisoni, Hume, being as the author himself considered mei'ely the very old male (Stray Feathers, v., pp. 03, 13(5, 1877). One specimen (Sel. Mus. 679/07) exactly answers to the description of G. davisoni, but all the others have much more white about them. I have obtained this species on Pulau Jarak in the middle of the Straits of Malacca, off the mouth of the Perak River in December, 1904, but the sk'in was unfortunately destroved bv rats, V.r2. OREOCICnLA yirWAV-S'— RICHMOND'S MOUNTAIN THRUSH. Greocichla horsfieldi. Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xx., p. 158 ri902). Mountain of Trang, Northern Malay Peninsula. 111.!. TURDL's oBscrni s 'inv. dark ouzel. Mcrula obsL-urus (Gm.) ; Seehohm, t.c, \i. 273. Tardus obscums (Gm.) ; Grant (1), p. 78. Two females, evidently on passage, were shot on Gunong Ulu Kali, Selangor, 4,700 ft., in February, 190G. * Reeontly I have secured three specimens from Terutau and Lanpjkawi, which are somewhat intermediate hetween CI. citrina (fjath.) and (V. iiinofdtn. iji respect to the white tips to the primary coverts. 207 1!*4. PETROPHILA ,yOi,7r^ya-l-THE EASTERN BLUE ROOK TIIKUSH. Mouticola solitavia (Miill.) ; ISeehohm., Cat., i>. ol'J. Monticola cyaniis soli t aria, Butler, p. 20. Cyauocincla solitaria, Hume, Stray Feathers, ix., p. 116 (1880). The most southerly specimen recorded from the Malay Peninsula. Shot in February on the Larut Hills. Also obtained at Ghirbee (Hume, loc. cit.). A male of the western form, P. njaneus, was shot by M. Boden Kloss at the Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur, on 3rd August, 1908. 195. PETROPHILA (ilLAlilS-THK ('IIIXE.SE HOCK THRUSH. Monticola gularis (Swinli.) ; Seehohin., Cat., p. 326 ; Butler, }). 20. Besides the specimen from the Larut Hills recorded by Butler {luc. cit.), there is another mounted and undated specimen from the same locality in the Taiping Museum. A third specimen is known from Malacca [Hume, Stray Feathers, ix., p. 116 (1880)]. uh;. jiidrociciila rufucapilla-the chestnut-backed fork tail. Hydrocichla ruficapilla (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 319 ; Butler, p. 19 ; Hartert, p. 572. 3 j. A.'een obtained by Wray and Butler. 20.^. rUASKLIMA I{UF£.SC'ENS-BE\yxy'ii WEEN AVARBLER. Citiscola Wavani (Wald.) ; S/mrpe, Cat., p. 225 ; Butler, p. 16 ; Grant (2), p. 23. Franklinia rufescens (Blyth) ; HaH., p. 569. Common in the lowlands at certain times of the year. One speci- men was obtained at the Semangko Pass in February, 1908. .W. ACASTllOl'SEUSTK COAO.V.ir.l-TEMMINCK'S CROMNED AVILLOW WARBLER. PhvUoscopus coronatus (Temm. and Schleg.; ; Seebohra, Cat. Birds I/Wf. itf*'^., v., p. 49(1881). ; Grant (2), p. 23. ' Phyllergates cucullatus (Teiniu.j; Sharjje, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas., vii., p/229 (1883) ; Sharpe (2), p. 440; irf. (3), p. 273; Butler, p. 16; Hartert, p. 569. Commou ou the Selaugor Moimtaius above 3,500 ft. 208. .SUVA WATERSTRAIJTI-THE TAHAX HILL WARBLER. Suya waterstradti, Hartert, Nov. ZooL, ix., p. 568 (1902) ; Grant (2), p. 23. So far as is at present kuowu coutiued to the higher parts of Crimoug Tahaii, where it is veiy commou. ■Jul". JIEMIl'i.i PICATU.S-THV. BLACK I'lLI) SHRIKE. Hemipus picatus (Sykes) ; Sliarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mhs., iii., p. 307 (1877 j ; Hartert, p. 576. Replacing the lowland H. obscurus (Horsf.) ahove 3,000 ft., but not very commou. •JIO. TEI'HRODOKNUS GULARIS-TllE 31ALAV WOOD SHRIKE. Teplirodornis gularis (Kaffles) : Sharpie, Cat. Birds Brit. 3h(s., p. 278 (1877 ) ; Butler, p. 17: Hartert, p. 576; Grant (2), p. 21. Does uot range higli into the mouutains. Butler got it ou the Larut Hills at 3,000 ft., aud it is abundant ou Gunoug Augsi in Negri tSembilan at 2,600 ft. 211. PLATYLOPHUH ARDESIACUS (VAB.J-TRV. JAY SHRIKE. Platyloplms ardesiacus (Cab.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 317 ; id.. F.Z.S., 1888, p.' 269; Grant (1), p. 77. Common at Grinting Bidei. An immature bird is greyer below somewhat browner abr (o), 1>. 277: Bntler, p. U: araiit (1), p. 76: id (3), p. 21. Melauocblora flavocristata (Lafr.) : Hellmays, S err tie 11 Farida, p. 31 (1903) ; Sharif, Hand-l. Bird.^, iv.. p. 326 (1903). Abimdaut nearly evervwliere from 2,000 ft. to about 4,<»00 ft., and oecasiouallv in llu" low eouutry at the foot of tlic main range. It is usually met witli in flocks of six or seven among high trees at the edge of clearings or in the jungle. S1TT11).E. •Jlt. UEMHiOl'IllLA AZillEA-TRV. DKKl' BLUE MJTHATCll. Sitta azurea, Less. ; Gadoic, Cat. Birds Brit. Mi(i<., viii., p. 357 (1883) ; Hartert, p. 573. Deudrophila azui'ea (Less.) ; Butler, p. 15 ; Grant (l),p. 76 ; id, (2), p. 21. Fairly common on the Selangor main range, but not found below 3,500 ft."^ •JIO. JiljyDROPHlLA /■ROXTALJS .SATiJiATIOli-TlU-: Jl.VLAY NUTHATCH. Sitta frontalis saturatior, Hartert, p. 573. Dendrophila saturatior, Grant (l), p. 76; id. (2), p. 21 Semangko Pass. February, 190JS. Locally distributed uji to about 3,000 ft. The above specimen agrees well with a pair from Gunong Angsi, 2,600 ft., Negri Sembilan, and differs from a skin from Trang collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott in being much more intense in colouration. Malay Peninsula specimens reQii01s"!i MUNIA. Uroloncha acuticauda (Hodgs.) ; Sharije, Cat. Birds Brit. Mm., xiii., p. 356 (1890) ; Butler, p. 20. Noted by Butler on the Larut Hills at 3,000 ft. ; flocks were occasionally seen at the Semangko Pass in February, 1908. 223. CULOBVRA «^J.-THE MALAYAN GREEN WEAVER FINCU. Chlorura sp., Grant, Fuse. Mai. ZooL, iii., p. 70 (1905). A single female of this genus was obtained at Telom, Batang Padang highlands, South Perak, 3,500 ft., in January, 1902, but though ji£a>:, 1900, 01') it has beeu searched fi)i" iu the same localitv uu several occasious siuco, uo additioual speciineus have come to haud. It is probably distinct from the Kiiia Balu forui, C. hurneensis, Sharpe. 22-i. PlliRlIULA WATHR,STRAl)TI-'niV. 31ALAYAX BUL]>F1XC1I. Pyrrhula waterstradti, Hartert; Nov. Zool, ix., p. 577 (1902); Givnt (2), p. 18. CJunoiig Ulu Kali, Selaiigor, •1-,800-5,20C ft. February, 1906. Guuong Mcngkuaiig Lebali, Selaiigor, •i,800-5,200 ft. Marcb, April, 19u7. Semaiigko Pass, Selangor, 3,500-i,800 ft. February, 190H. The Malay Bullfinch probably (.)ccurs ou all the higher mountaius of Selangor wherever Vacciniam and Conifers are found, though it is nowhere so common as it was found to be on Gunong Tahau. Though carefully searched for, it has not yet been met with ou any of the Perak Hills. •ilo. MOTACILLA MELAyOPE-THiE GREY WAGTAIL. Motacilla melanope (Pall.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Binhi Brit. Mas., x., p. 500 (1885) ; id. (2), p. 441 ; Butler, p. 21; Hartert, p. 575; Grant (1), p. 71; id. (2), p. 19. Common on roads, jungle paths and streams throughout the Peninsula from August to April. 22C. LniOyiDROJIU.S iyi)ICU>S-THE FOREST AVAGTAIL. Limonidromus indicus (Gm.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 532 ; (V?. (3), p. 278. Collected by Wray ou the Larut Hills, probably on migration ; it has been met with in large flocks among the mangroves ou the coastal districts of Selangor during the winter months. 227. AXrUUS MAC UL AT i-.S-Tm-. IXUIAX TREE I'lPIT. Authus maculatus (Hodgs.) ; Sharjje, Cat. Birdii Brit. Mn^., x., p. 547 (1885); Butler,^. 21. Butler's specimen, shot on Larut Hills at a height of about 3,700 ft. in March, 1898, is the only recoixl of this Indian sjiecies for the Malay Peninsula. It is only a winter visitor to Tenasscrim, but is found during that season in Saigon and Southern China. Omitted bv me in mv Hand-list of the Birds of the Malav Peninsula, auiea, p. 82. NECTARINIIDJ^. 228. .LTUOI'lOA irRAlI-WRW'H SUXlilRI). ^'Ethopyga wrayi, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 410, pi. xxxviii., fig. 2 ; Bull'^r, p. 21 : Hartert, p. 573 ; Grant (1), p. 74; id. (2). p. 19. Common on all the Peninsula hills, exceeding 3,000 ft. in height, but not found south of G-unong Ulu Kali in Selangor. The specimen from Bukit Kutu that I recorded as J'Jthopi/ya ano- mala (ante» Sumatra and Borneo Tenasserim 10. Dendrophila saturatior Out of the 142 species that remain in this section, after excluding 15 migrant forms, no less than 122 are of distinctly Malayan type, while only 20 are confined to the mainland of Asia or, in the case of peculiar species, most closely related to species so confined. 218 We may, therefore, conclude that the bulk of the submontane avi- fauna (and by submontane is meant the region from about 3,000 ft. in altitude to the limits of the coastal zone) has been derived from the Sunda Islands to the East, West and South, and has not spread over the Peninsula by way of Tenasserim and Burma. The remaining 85 species in the list are, so far as is at present known, strictly coutined to the mountains above 3,000 ft., and include the greater portion of the species peculiar to the Peninsula. On analysing the list in the same manner as the preceding section, Ave tind that — Seven species are migrants, met within the winter only : 1. Cuculus polioceplialus 2. Hemichelidon ferruginea o. Hemichelidon fuliginosa 4. Cyanoptila bella 5. Cichloselys sibirica 6. Mouticola solitaria 7. An thus maculatus Eighteen species occur elsewhere in the mountains of Tenasserim — viz., 1. o. 4. 5. /. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Syrnium newarense Glaucidium brodiei Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus Cyanops ram say i Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotis P.sarisumus dalhousise Nitidula hodgsoui Pericrocotus fratereulus Chloropsis hardwickii Eleven are high level Sumatran species- 1. Macropygia leptogrammica 6. 2. Cyanops oorti ! 7. 3. Psilopogon pyrolophus j 8. 4. Niltava decipiens j 9. o. Cryptolopha trivirgata 10. 11. Pnoepyga lepida Three species are found elsewhere only in Borneo Criniger ochraceus Otocompsa flaviveutris Drymocataphus tickelli Pteruthius seralatus Mesia argentauris Notodela leucura Henicurus sehistaceus Arachnothera magna Dicseum ignipectus -viz., Melauocichla lugubris Rhinoci(.'hla mitiuta Stachyris bocagei Turdinus loricatus Sibia simillima 1 . Phvllerjrates cinereicollis 2. VIZ., Abrornis schwaneri 3. Muscicapula westernianui Four are common to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo- -viz., 1. Pericrocotus montanus 2. Oriolus consanguineu.s 3. Hierococcyx bocki 4. Picumnus innominatus Three are found in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Cochin- china— viz., 1. Chsetura cochinchinensis I 2. Cyornis concreta 3. Bhringa remifer * * Also in Java. 219; Two range from Touasscriiu to Borneo— viz., 1, Hemipus pieatus * 2. Rhipi(lnraalbicollis(: Salvad.) : at rata, One is met with only in Malay Peninsula, Java and Timor — viz., 1. Dendrophila aznrea While the remaining 36 species are peculiar to the Malay Peninsula. Mountain species peculiar to the Malay Peninsula, with their nearest allies : Name. Allied species. Loc.ility. 1. Eheinwardtius nigrescens Ti. ocellatus Indo-Chiiia 2. Arboricola campbelli A. rubrirostris Sumatra 3. Polyplectrou inopiuatus P. chalcunis j> 4. Sphenocercus robinsoni ( Sp. korthalsi ( Sp. permaguus Loo Choo Is- lands 5. Heteroscops vulpes H. lucifB Borneo 6. G-ecinus rodgeri G-. chlorogaster Tenasserim 7. Grecinus robinsoni G. occipitalis fy 8. Chrysophlegma wrayi Ch. tlavinucha j» 9. Serilophiis rothschildi S. lunatus jj 10. Anthipes malayana A. submoniliger yy 11. Cyornis malayensis C. oatesi >> 12. Muscicapula malayana M. hyperythra yy 13. Cryptolopha butleri C. castaneiceps Himalayas 14. Cryptolopha davisoni C. montis Borneo 15. Artamides larutensis A. larvatus Java 16. lole peracensis I. tickelli Tenasserim 17. Gampsorhyuchus saturatior Ct. torquatus ,, 18. Trochalopterou peninsulse T. melanostigma >» 19. Pomatorhinus wrayi P. tickelli » 20. Corythocichla leucosticta C. striatixs >» 21. Alcippe peracensis A. nipalensis >» 22. Pseudominla soror P. castaneiceps »> 23. Myiophoneiis robinsoni M. cvaneus Java 24. Brachvptervx Avravi B. nipalensis Tenasserim 25. Siva malayana S. castaneicauda yy 26. Siva sordidior S. sordida >» 27. Cutia cervinicrissa C. nipalensis Karen-nee 28. Pteruthius tahanensis P. melanotis Tenasserim 29. Oreocichla affinis 0. horstieldi Java 30. Suya waterstradti S. superciliai'is Tenasserim ( Cissa minor Sumatra 31. Cissa i-obinsoni ( C. Jeffrey i Borneo 32. Pyrrhula waterstradti P. nipalensis Tenasserim * Hemipuft i)ifeniicdiut!, Salvad., in Sumatra. 220 Name, 33. Cliloruiu sp. 34. .EthopYga auomala 35. .Ethopyga wravi 36. Zosterops taliaueu.sis Allied epecies, C. borneeusis M. saturata M. satiirata Z. aurei venter LooalKy. Boi'ueo Teuasseriin T e u a s s e r i m , Java With refjard to the range of the eudoinie Peniusulav fonni«, it may Ix^ noted that thev are verv evenly distributed throiio-hout the main range, from as far north as has been explored to Gunong Uhi Kali in Selangor ; south of Gintiug Bidei in Selangor, practically all disappear ; Gunong Angsi in Negri Sembilan, 3,000 ft., app., and Mt. Ophir on the borders of Malacca and Johore possessing none The hills behind Lakon in the N.-E. Coast of the Peninsula, which attain a height of over 5,000 ft. and have not yet lieen explored, may possibly yield fiu'ther species, in view of tlie fact that the Traug hills on the same latitude on the West Coast, which are, however, of less elevation, undoubtedly possess certain mountain forms ; the specific distinctness, however, of a proportion of the forms described therefrom is open to question. Further analysis of this list of 77 resident mountain species discloses the fact that the larger proportion is derived from Teuasserim and the mainland of Asia, and not from the Sunda Islands, as is the case with the submontane forms, which is clearlv shown bv the f<^)llowing tables : Submontane avifauna, 142 species — Xo. Vn' cent, Peculiar species 10 7.0 Species occurring on mainland only 13 9.3 „ ,, islands only ... 50 35.2 „ of continental facies 20 14.1 „ of insular facies 122 85.9 outane avifauna, 77 species — No. Per cent. Peculiar species 36 46.8 Species occun'ing on mainland only 18 23.4 „ „ islands only ... 18 23.4 ,, of continental facies 44 57.1) 36.4 [. 6.5) „ of insular facies 28 Neuti-al 5 100 On going through the list in detail, one is struck, ou the whole, by the lack of differentiation in the species : for, tliough 46 out of the 242 are not found elsewhere, hardly any of them are much more than sub- species and only nine or ten are really distinct forms. The mountains of the Malay Peninsula have been about equally well explored with Kina Balu, and what they lack in height, as compared with tliat mountain, they make up in area. The present list comprises 242 221 species iueluded in 17G yeuera, while Whitehead records 1-51) sjjecies ill 124 yeiiera from the Boriieaii mouutaiu. But the Malay Peninsula contains no peculiar genus, while Kiua Balu possesses no less than seven — viz., ChlamydochEera Oreoctistes Chlorocharis Orthuocichla AUocotops Audrophilus Hsematortvx Several genera occur both in Tenasserim, Borneo and Sumatra, but find no representative species in the Malay Peninsula — viz., Merula | Staphidia Garrulax nor ai*e— Cettia I Hyloterpe found on Kiiia Balu, met with here. On the other hand, Himalayaic genera, not met with in the Suuda Islands, occur in the Peninsula — viz., Seiilophus Nitidula Gampsorhyuchus Trochalupteron Pseudomiula Siva Cutia Pyrrhula As do also representatives of the Sumatran genera Chalcurus (Polyplectron) Psilopogon Khinocichla Melauocichia which are not met with either in Tenasserim or Borneo. Those few mammals that are known to be confined to the high mountains support the view that the fauna of the central chain has been very largely derived from the continental land masses to the ^ortli. These species are : Name. Nearest ally. Locality. Sciurus castaneiveutris griseo- Sc. c. griseopcctus Assam pectus Sciurus tenuis tahau Sc, tenuis Low countrv, Malay Penin- sula Seiurus macclellandi novemii- Sc. inc. tyi»icus Tenasserim neat us Fuuambulus rufigenis beliieldi F. rufigenis typicus ,, Mus ciliatus Mus edwardsi Mus ferreocanus Mus berdmorei Mus bukit Mus jerdoni In conclusion, it may, I think, be taken as proved : (1) That the origin of the submontane species of the Peninsula is Indo-Malayan and comparatively recent in time, the si^ecies have spread N.-W, from the Sunda Islands rather than S.-E. from Burma. Yunnan Mergui Tenasserim 222 (2) That the actual mouutaiu fauna i« couijwsed of two elemeuts — viz., (a) Coutiueutal, (b) Sumatrau, (rt) is largely in excess aud consists of species, fov the most part, identical or only sliyrhtly differentiated from the congeneric forms in Teuasserim and Burma at similar elevations ; (b) is less dominant and comprises species identical with or verv closelv allied to West Sumatrau mouutaiu species. (3) That the connection with the Borneau mountain fauna is very distant. "We may also infer that, at some geological epoch by no means distant, the land area of the Peninsula was very much less than is at present the case, and that the connection with Teuasserim has l>een continuous or only interrupted for very brief spaces both in tiuie aud distance. (4) That there has been a direct land connection with Sumatra, also in comparatively recent times. (o) That the southern portion of the Peninsula — from some point N. of the mouth of the Muar Kiver, including Mt. Ophir, and the area on the east side of the Peninsida, south of the Pahang Eiver, at its confluence with the Triang — has been at some very recent time discon- nected with the mainland. This is shown, by the entire absence of all Teuasserim and endemic species of birds, and by the fact that the line roughly indicated is the southern boundary of such continental mammals, as Sc. concolor and Sc. macddlandi ; while it is the northern limit of such insular forms as Sus vittatus and Sc. penin- eularis. F.M.S. Government I'ress. i University of Toronto Library in QJ to o • Oi Ti H 0) ^-^ ■ •■)".:' ■),>,. .1, ''III'' 1 ij-'i ,u II. , t . ' . , ' 1 , 1 1 :t ■ : 1 , * ; -. ' . ■ II ,'. ' ,»■■■'■• ,'!;■■ "1 ■■;'^^r ]■'■'■ ''rA